Project Summary: 1. Explain why retention of a partial canopy of trees (e.g., mother trees) during timber harvesting rather than clearcutting, and planting the area with a mixture of species rather than a monoculture, may reduce the time for above and belowground carbon storage (net ecosystem production) to recover. 2. Explain why and how fire severity can vary across a temperate forest landscape, and how and why this could affect forest successional patterns. 3. Explain the hydrologic cycle in a watershed and what effect an impermeable surface has on groundwater.