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Fighting poverty.

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Fighting poverty.
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Abdul Latif points out that we can build schools and clinics, stock them with books, drugs and even equipment’s but if the teachers and nurses among other workers are absent then these investments will be wasted. He argues that the range of studies have examined alternative ways to reform health and education systems and address the failure of these systems, but it has been in vain. Absenteeism has been pointed out as being the primary cause of these failures. However, attempts to increase accountability to the poor had mixed effects on absence whereby some methods worked in some laces while similar methods failed in other areas. Its found that the attendance and pay which cut the absence rates in half. And also providing incentives for service provider attendance improves outcomes for poor people without undermining providers intrinsic motivations. Chaisson, E., & McMillan, S. (1995)
A recent research made surprise visits to primary schools and clinics across six poor countries in three continent and found many teachers were absent and health care providers which point out that absences are widespread to many continents, you also find that for example in India it’s not all teachers present to teach, only two thirds of teachers current were found teaching. To reduce poverty, absenteeism must be worked on, and intrinsic motivation of service providers be also considered. Due to teacher absenteeism, students may miss classes and later on lead to school dropout. On the other hand, providers rewarded for attendance. Supervisors tended to pay providers whether or not they turned up an0d to excuse any absence and to take out supervisor discretion and basing rewards for participation on impersonal, objective monitoring significantly improved attendance even with modest incentives. Chaisson, E., & McMillan, S. (1995)
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3. Emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are changing the climate. A carbon tax, therefore, puts a price on those emissions, encouraging people, businesses, and governments to produce less of them. Being policy maker, I would adopt a carbon tax because it would reduce and prevent some of the problems caused by these emissions such as increasing global temperatures, rising sea levels, shifting rainfall patterns, boosting storm intensity among others because people would only emit less due to the tax burden. A carbon tax would increase the price of fossil fuels and any resulting goods or services. It also offers social and economic benefits because the tax increases revenue without significantly altering the economy while simultaneously promoting objectives of climate change policy. However, while climate change for many years has been recognized as a threat to the future by most scientists, researchers may not agree on the optimal emission reductions even if they agree with scientists. The reason is that optimal emission reductions to charge extent depend on equity issues, and how we discount future climate impact is essential. Wicks, F. (2004, July

However, ethical issues have not been fully being explored in economic analyzes as greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction not only affects welfare distribution between present and future but also the delivery within a generation such as between rich and developing countries. The dimensions of equity in climate change policies are intergenerational and Intergenerational states how we should distribute the burdens within generation either living today or in the future. While intergenerational equity is essential, most of the equity debate on climate change issues in economic literature has been on intergenerational equity issues, i.e. distributions across generations, focusing on how emissions reduction we should aim for. This involves the placement of burdens between the current generation and future generations as the burdens of mitigation the costs have to be taken between present ages while future generations will feel benefits. However, the most critical issue is about the appropriate discount rate to use for climate change policy decisions, as the optimal level of reduction is susceptible to the choice of the discount rate. Discount rates are put on future benefits of climate change policies to compare the future benefits to the present cost. If we measure costs and differently(the pure rate of time preference, PRTP).While a definite number on PRTP  means discrimination of future generation, a high level  of consumption gives a low marginal utility of an additional canonist represented by the elasticity of the marginal  utility of consumption (EMUC) Wicks, F. (2004, July
Both the choice of the PRTP and EMUC then represent ethical choices. The consumption discount rate (CDR) that is used in economic analysis combines the two arguments. The major problem, however, is that most studies choose to focus on either intergenerational and then assume problems are autonomous, however choices capital have to affect intergenerational still have impacts on intergenerational distribution between rich and poor. Therefore the selection of an appropriate discount rate is controversial. Wicks, F. (2004, July

4. Natural capital can be defined as the world’s stock of physical assets which include geology, soil, air, water, and all living things. It is from this natural capital that human beings derive a wide range of services often called ecosystem services which make human life possible. There are three types of natural capital with perfect substitutes namely; renewable, replenishable and non-renewable natural capital. Renewable natural capital such as living species and ecosystems, is self-producing and self-maintaining and uses solar energy and photosynthesis and yield marketable goods such as wood fiber but may also provide unaccounted essential services such as climate regulation. Mezhlumian, A. (1994
Nonrenewable form of natural capital such as fossils, fuel, and minerals are analogous to inventories: any use implies liquidating part of the stock. Replenishable type of natural capital such as groundwater and the ozone layer is non-living but is also often dependent on the solar engine for renewal. Mezhlumian, A. (1994

References.
Chaisson, E., & McMillan, S. (1995). Astronomy: a beginner's guide to the universe. Prentice Hall.
Wicks, F. (2004, July). The nuclear waste problem and reconsideration of the ocean disposal option. In IECEC'02. 2002 37th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 2002. (pp. 801-803). IEEE.
Linde, A., Linde, D., & Mezhlumian, A. (1994). From the Big Bang theory to the theory of a stationary universe. Physical Review D, 49(4), 1783.