write two essays from the topics provided

Choose one question from Part I and one from Part II for a total of two questions. Write on questions in any order you like but indicate your choices clearly. Write in complete sentences, not an outline. In answering the questions, make sure you construct TWO coherent and unified essays. When you employ a technical term or concept, be sure to explain what it means. topics are: -Popper’s Falsificationism -Thomas Kuhn - The Structure of Scientific Revolutions -Kuhn's Response to Popper -Lakatos and Sophisticated Falsificationism - Part I: Choose either #1 or #2, but not both. (1) Explain the demarcation problem. Why should we care about solving the demarcation problem? How does Popper object to the idea that X is scientific just in case X can be empirically verified? State and explain, including all key concepts, Popper’s falsificationism. Compare Popper’s view to Lakatos’ “sophisticated falsificationism.” How does Lakatos argue that his view is better than that of Popper (2) Explain the demarcation problem. Why should we care about solving the demarcation problem? State and explain, including all key concepts, Kuhn’s general account of science. Compare Kuhn’s general account of science to Lakatos’ “sophisticated falsificationism.” What is Kuhn’s answer to the demarcation problem? In what ways does Kuhn criticize Popper’s falsificationist account of science? --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Part II: Choose either #3 or #4, but not both. (3) State and explain the key differences between deductive and inductive reasoning. What is confirmation reasoning? What is disconfirmation reasoning? Illustrate both forms of reasoning by way of example. State and explain the Duhem-Quine thesis. Illustrate the Duhem-Quine thesis by way of example. How do the Duhem-Quine thesis impact confirmation and disconfirmation reasoning? (4) State and explain the key differences between deductive and inductive reasoning. What is Inference to the Best Explanation (IBE)? State and explain some of the “explanatory virtues.” What role do the explanatory virtues play in IBE? Illustrate IBE by way of example. Compare IBE to confirmation reasoning. What is the underdetermination problem? How might IBE offer a solution to the problem? finally. 2 essays one from each part (1&2).