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I.TRUE OR FALSE 1 Almost all known bacterial cells and all eukaryotic cells are microscopic , 2. All known bacteria have 70s ribosomes , circular DNA , hopanoids and peptidoglycan 3. Most eukaryote cells have , a nucleus, chromatin, mitochondria and cytoskeletons 4. Pasteur developed vaccines for small pox, anthrax, and rabies 5. Agar ,acid-fast staining ,pure culture techniques and basic staining techniques came from the lab of Robert Koch 6. There are most likely 98 different naturally occurring atomic numbers, although two are extremely rare. 7. Hydrogen bonds are slightly (2x) weaker than covalent but are important to life, especially to DNA and the properties of water 8. Peptidoglycan is found in most known bacteria but not eukarytoes or archea 9. Gram negative bacteria have an outer membrane containing lipoproteins, phospholipids , lipopolysacchardies , porins and a S-layer 10 An S layer is found in gram positive bacteria and archeas 11. Plasmids have been found in many bacteria , some yeasts , some protozoa and but no animals or plants to date, and can play a role in the vertical transfer of genes. especially those for drug resistance and toxin production 12. Lysosomes contain about 40 different hydrolytic enzyme also may produce hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite and free radicals, under certain conditions 13. Prions are composed of denatured proteins and presently are parasites of plants only but may someday be found in animals 14. GSS, Mad cow , Creutzfeldt Jakob disease, scrapie , chronic wasting disease, fatal familial insomnia, and Kuru are known to be caused by prions 15. A chemical with a phenol coefficient of 1 is slightly more effective than phenol as a killing agent. 16. Protection by immunization has been practiced for hundreds of years-through trisl and error 17. DNA polymerase of eukaryotes does have some proof reading ability but not as good as RNA polymerase 18. From the lab of Robert Koch came the proof for germ theory-Koch’s postulates (4). which allowed scientists to identify the causative agents of most of the bacterial diseases in 20th century. 19. Thanks to the universality of the genetic code, bacteria and yeast can make, erythropoietin, antihemophilic factor, insulin , interferons ,taxol and the Hepatitis C vaccine 20. AUU and AUG can be codons on RNA and not DNA 21. Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first to see bacteria and is called the father of microbiology. 22. Most phage viral families we know of have RNA as genetic material 23 Bacillus and Clostridia species have highly resistant stages called plasmids first discovered by Ferdinand Cohn and which may be able to live for millions of years 24. Transposons are found in eukaryotes and prokaryotes and were first discovered in corn by McClintock for which she won a Nobel prize. 25. The RNA polymerase chain reaction, invented by Kary Mullis, is considerably faster than bacterial multiplication and is a major tool of biotechnology and forensic science 26.Bacteria have the greatest biotic potential of any organisms on earth, one E. coli potentially could fill a large ship in 24 hours 27. Messenger RNA attaches to the large subunit of the ribosome to begin translation 28. Plants, like corn and soybeans and sorghum have been given genes from bacteria and these transgenic organisms are just being introduced to our food supply by the billions 29. Protoplast fusion , gene guns, calcium salts, micropipette injection , electroporation, adenoviral vectors and heat shock are ways that genetic material can be introduced from one cell to another. 30. Some euglenas are and photosynthetic in light and holozoic in dark and are also transitional protozoa with both flagellated and ameboid ability in same species 31 The limit of resolution of the bright field microscope is about 1,000x as the wavelengths of white light interfere with each other at higher magnifications, although special light microsopes can magnify 2,000x 32 UV microscopes can magnify over 2,000 as a result of the shorter wavelength of UV light versus white light and electron microscopes can magnify hundreds of thousands of times 33. Atomic force and scanning tunneling microscopes can magnify in the hundreds of millions and possibly a billion times, but are limited to surfaces. 34 Many trillions of transgenic organisms have been made by man , for example Bt corn 35. Viruses are not alive and are not cells 36. Viruses may have less than 5 genes , although several have been found that has more than some bacteria, like the Pandora viruses with 2,000 or more genes. 37. Most known bacteria have a few thousand genes although a few have less than 160 38. Man has around 100,000 genes which is more than found in most organisms. 39. One person has about 60 -100 billion miles of DNA 40. Mycoplasms, lack peptidoglycan, are about .2 um long and lack cell walls are pleomorphic and none cause human disease 41. Mesophiles like temperatures of around 100 degrees Celsius 42. The normal autoclave parameters are 121 degrees celsius , 15 minutes , 15 psi but can be varied 43.Formaldehyde is not a good antiseptic or disinfectant , except under very limited circumstances. 44. Rhinoviruses have RNA as genetic material and are thus unlikely to cause cancer 45 DNA viruses are more likely to cause cancer than RNA viruses, with the exception of retroviruses 46. AIDS is in the retroviridae and carries in the virion reverse transcriptase for making a DNA copy of its RNA in the host cell. 47 Messenger RNA represents the greatest percentage of RNA in most cells. 48. DNA codes for messenger RNAs, while nonsense DNA codes for long non-coding RNAS 49. Transcription occurs in nucleus of eukaryotes and the nucleoid of prokaryotes and this physical allows for processing of the Messenger RNA in eukaryotes 49. Introns are found in archea, bacteria and eukaryotes, although they appear to be rare and not as important in archea and bacteria. 50. Selman Waksman is considered by many the father of antibiotics by his discover of streptomycin 51 Paul Ehrlich is known for staining, immunity and the magic bullet 52. Metchnikov won a noble prize and coined the term phagocytosis and is considered by some the father of adaptive immunity 53. Plasmids have over 300 genes and may have genes for antibiotic resistance and toxicity and are probably a major player in drug resistance 54.One giant Armillaria sp, a mycorhizzae, occupies 1,600 football fields and is probably thousands of years old. 55. Fungi can be saprophytic , parasitic, predaceous , monokaryons , dikaryons, and a some are multicelluar 56. Hyphae are filamentous structures that make up the mycelium of most fungi 57. There are about a hundred thousand described species of fungi with the largest number in the Basdiomycota, however there may be millions of species in the oceans and inside organisms like animals 58. Modified adenoviruses and retroviruses like HIV are being used as vectors in biotechnology. 59. The envelope of viruses is made of lipids derived from host cell membrane or the endoplasmic reticulum by budding. 60 We are not well prepared for bird flu or any pandemic because of vaccine production is archaic and poorly funded. 61. Viral diseases included rabies , measles, zika, , chikungunya, small pox, roselloa, mumps, monkey pox, herpes, warts, ebola ,hemorrhagic fever, dengue and shingles 62. Viroids are infectious genetic material that were named by Stanley Pruisner and are found in many vertebrates, like sheep, minks, cattle, humans, and in some fungi 63. The Flavaviridae includes Yellow fever, hepC , West Nile, and Dengue 64. Diatoms have been used in clarifying wine , making dynamite , played a role in the Nobel prize ,make oil from sunlight and CO2 and some produce domoic acid which can erase short term memory 65. Ebola and Marburg are long threadlike viruses in the Filoviridae that cause high mortality-rate human diseases 66. There is no pressing need for man to produce new vaccines, like DNA vaccines, because viruses represent a minor threat to the human race, therefore the politicians and leaders of the world are well-informed 67 The lack of medical and biological literacy of our politicians is a huge problem especially in decisions about the health care industry. 68. Transposons may have given rise to some viruses or genes 69. Retrotransposons represent a large part of our DNA- 50% or more 70. Retroviruses have inserted there RNA into our ancestors so that may be 10% of the nonsense DNA of humans is viral. II. Multiple Choice 1. The following describes a virus a. Simple pathogens with cytoplasm ,plasma membrane ,organelles and no nucleus b. Simple , fast evolving organism with great reproductive potential c. Simple particles with genetic material that is inert outside of a cell. d.The least metabolically diverse creatures on planet earth. 2. The following describes bacteria a. Protein coated genetic material with the ability to take over cells b. Simple organisms with great biotic potential c. Bags of enzymes, water, genes and ribosomes that evolve rapidly d. B and c 3. Peptidoglycan is not found in the following a. Mycoplasms , Chlamydia, archea b. Gram negative bacteria c. Blue green algae d. B and c 4. The correct order of hardest to lowest to destroy by physical means is a. Prions gram negative bacteria, enveloped viruses b. Endospores, mycobacteria, gram positive bacteria c. Gram positive bacteria , gram negative bacteria, mycobacteria, endospores d. A and b 5. The following are found in every known prokaryote a. DNA