BIOCHEMISTRY Competency 208.5.4: Enzymology and Catalytic Mechanism - The graduate constructs models of enzymes, demonstrates how enzymes act as a catalyst in a reaction and factors that influence this reaction, and solves enzyme and catalysis problems. Competency 208.5.5: Carbohydrate Metabolism, Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - The graduate constructs models of carbohydrates and demonstrates metabolism of carbohydrates; demonstrates how adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is essential to energy transfer in the cell and how irregularities in ATP synthesis in the cell can cause cytopathologies. Introduction: More and more researchers are discovering that many diseases are caused by biochemical deficiencies or defects. That is, instead of indicating a disease is caused by a nutritional deficiency, researchers recognize that an underlying cause may be a single molecular structure within a cell that fails to turn on or turn off a cellular process. This is particularly true regarding metabolism. For this task, you will consider the biochemical implications in a metabolic disorder involving a normal component of food - fructose. Requirements: Write a brief report (e.g., Microsoft Word, Google Document) (suggested length of 34 pages) or presentation (e.g., PowerPoint, Keynote, Google Presentation) (suggested length of 1015 slides) that addresses the following: Note: Please save presentation documents as *.ppt (PowerPoint) or *.pdf (Portable Document Format) files. A. To understand the issues behind hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI), address the following: 1. Explain how enzymes act as protein catalysts in biochemical processes (e.g., fructose metabolism, glycolysis). Note: Describe at least two important features of all enzymes, and then explaining the role of enzymes in the first two steps of fructose metabolism in the liver. 2. Explain how a deficiency in aldolase B is responsible for HFI. Note: In your explanation, make sure to include the negative consequences of the substrate of Aldolase B, and how this substrate leads to the symptoms of HFI. 3. Provide clearly labeled diagrams that demonstrate the following: a. The lock and key model or induced fit model of enzymatic activity Note: In your diagram, make sure to label the entire enzymatic cycle, including product formation and release. b. The effect of enzymes on activation energy Note: You may you use diagrams from the Internet or other resources to demonstrate this concept; be sure to cite them in APA format. 4. Discuss the specific substrate acted on by Aldolase B during the metabolism of fructose. 5. Explain the role of aldolase B in the metabolism of fructose by discussing the products of the reaction. Note: Name the different pathways these products can enter. B. Explore how mitochondrial disease can occur at multiple levels in different mitochondrial processes by doing the following: 1. Explain what would hypothetically happen to the amount of ATP available to a cell if the entire Cori cycle (glucose going to lactate and then back to glucose) were to occur and remain within that single cell (i.e., a muscle cell). Note: In your explanation, include specific numbers of ATP generated/used in the different parts of the cycle to justify your conclusion. 2. Create an original dynamic diagram that shows why the citric acid cycle (CAC) is central to aerobic metabolism and how it leads to ATP production. Note: This should include how different metabolites enter the cycle, the entire CAC (including the names of all intermediates, enzymes, and products), where and how of the products CAC make ATP, and the role of oxygen in this process. Note: A dynamic diagram is a clearly labeled diagram that uses arrows to indicate movement and interactions. 3. Explain where in the citric acid cycle a hypothetical defect of an enzyme could occur that would decrease the overall ATP production of the mitochondria, including the consequences of the defect. Note: This should also include the fate of the product of the chosen enzyme, whether or not the entire cycle will continue to function, as well as the fate of the cycle products and their contribution to ATP production. Note: This is a hypothetical defect, so the explanation should not include descriptions of any known disease. 4. Explain the specific role of coenzyme Q10 in ATP synthesis as part of the electron transport chain. Note: In your explanation, provide a detailed description of the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. C. When you use sources, include all in-text citations and references in APA format. Note: For definitions of terms commonly used in the rubric, see the attached Rubric Terms. Note: When using sources to support ideas and elements in a paper or project, the submission MUST include APA formatted in-text citations with a corresponding reference list for any direct quotes or paraphrasing. It is not necessary to list sources that were consulted if they have not been quoted or paraphrased in the text of the paper or project. Note: No more than a combined total of 30% of a submission can be directly quoted or closely paraphrased from sources, even if cited correctly. For tips on using APA style, please refer to the APA Handout web link included in the General Instructions section.

BIOCHEMISTRY Competency 208.5.4: Enzymology and Catalytic Mechanism - The graduate constructs models of enzymes, demonstrates how enzymes act as a catalyst in a reaction and factors that influence this reaction, and solves enzyme and catalysis problems. Competency 208.5.5: Carbohydrate Metabolism, Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - The graduate constructs models of carbohydrates and demonstrates metabolism of carbohydrates; demonstrates how adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is essential to energy transfer in the cell and how irregularities in ATP synthesis in the cell can cause cytopathologies. Introduction: More and more researchers are discovering that many diseases are caused by biochemical deficiencies or defects. That is, instead of indicating a disease is caused by a nutritional deficiency, researchers recognize that an underlying cause may be a single molecular structure within a cell that fails to turn on or turn off a cellular process. This is particularly true regarding metabolism. For this task, you will consider the biochemical implications in a metabolic disorder involving a normal component of food - fructose. Requirements: Write a brief report (e.g., Microsoft Word, Google Document) (suggested length of 34 pages) or presentation (e.g., PowerPoint, Keynote, Google Presentation) (suggested length of 1015 slides) that addresses the following: Note: Please save presentation documents as *.ppt (PowerPoint) or *.pdf (Portable Document Format) files. A. To understand the issues behind hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI), address the following: 1. Explain how enzymes act as protein catalysts in biochemical processes (e.g., fructose metabolism, glycolysis). Note: Describe at least two important features of all enzymes, and then explaining the role of enzymes in the first two steps of fructose metabolism in the liver. 2. Explain how a deficiency in aldolase B is responsible for HFI. Note: In your explanation, make sure to include the negative consequences of the substrate of Aldolase B, and how this substrate leads to the symptoms of HFI. 3. Provide clearly labeled diagrams that demonstrate the following: a. The lock and key model or induced fit model of enzymatic activity Note: In your diagram, make sure to label the entire enzymatic cycle, including product formation and release. b. The effect of enzymes on activation energy Note: You may you use diagrams from the Internet or other resources to demonstrate this concept; be sure to cite them in APA format. 4. Discuss the specific substrate acted on by Aldolase B during the metabolism of fructose. 5. Explain the role of aldolase B in the metabolism of fructose by discussing the products of the reaction. Note: Name the different pathways these products can enter. B. Explore how mitochondrial disease can occur at multiple levels in different mitochondrial processes by doing the following: 1. Explain what would hypothetically happen to the amount of ATP available to a cell if the entire Cori cycle (glucose going to lactate and then back to glucose) were to occur and remain within that single cell (i.e., a muscle cell). Note: In your explanation, include specific numbers of ATP generated/used in the different parts of the cycle to justify your conclusion. 2. Create an original dynamic diagram that shows why the citric acid cycle (CAC) is central to aerobic metabolism and how it leads to ATP production. Note: This should include how different metabolites enter the cycle, the entire CAC (including the names of all intermediates, enzymes, and products), where and how of the products CAC make ATP, and the role of oxygen in this process. Note: A dynamic diagram is a clearly labeled diagram that uses arrows to indicate movement and interactions. 3. Explain where in the citric acid cycle a hypothetical defect of an enzyme could occur that would decrease the overall ATP production of the mitochondria, including the consequences of the defect. Note: This should also include the fate of the product of the chosen enzyme, whether or not the entire cycle will continue to function, as well as the fate of the cycle products and their contribution to ATP production. Note: This is a hypothetical defect, so the explanation should not include descriptions of any known disease. 4. Explain the specific role of coenzyme Q10 in ATP synthesis as part of the electron transport chain. Note: In your explanation, provide a detailed description of the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. C. When you use sources, include all in-text citations and references in APA format. Note: For definitions of terms commonly used in the rubric, see the attached Rubric Terms. Note: When using sources to support ideas and elements in a paper or project, the submission MUST include APA formatted in-text citations with a corresponding reference list for any direct quotes or paraphrasing. It is not necessary to list sources that were consulted if they have not been quoted or paraphrased in the text of the paper or project. Note: No more than a combined total of 30% of a submission can be directly quoted or closely paraphrased from sources, even if cited correctly. For tips on using APA style, please refer to the APA Handout web link included in the General Instructions section.

MStage86 added on 09/05/14 at 10:02 PM (PST):

Please have last slide as APA citation and include cited images on slides (besides created diagrams) thank you.