I need the very last question on the bottom of the instructions answered in 300 words, I need this assignment done in the next 3 hours. by 3:30 PM Pacific time.

Hello class, we will discuss 3 prominent enlightenment philosophers. David Hume, Samuel Johnson and Edmund Burke. The topic of discussion is aesthetic taste. This was a prominent debate in the 18th century. From aesthetics in beauty, art and poetry all philosophers believed emotions played a big role in determining in individuals taste. They steered away from rational thinking and logic claiming aesthetic taste comes from core emotions and experiences rather than logic and rationale. I will begin with David Hume, Evelyn will continue with Samuel Johnson and we both will finish with Edmund Burke. Which writer resonates the most when it comes to dictating your personal aesthetic taste? We provided questions to help facilitate your discussion. Answer as you please. David Hume: Of The Standard of Taste The enlightenment period opened an array of debates among philosophers and scholars, the topic of reason carried this modern debate in its early stages. It was during the 18th century that the topic of taste became a significant theme when discussing aesthetics. It was David Hume that would shift this debate into a new territory. Following the footsteps of his predecessors John Locke and George Berkeley Hume rejected rationalism. Known to embrace radical skepticism, Hume believed that knowledge derived from experience, and humans act based on emotion, or a bundle of sensations. He linked this to the disposition of the organs, claiming that ‘the same object may be both bitter and sweet’ and that this too should be applied to the mental (Hume). Therefore, it is useless to argue or debate with individuals over issues concerning taste, as their desertion is based on emotion not reason, and you cannot argue with emotions. His essay, Of the Standard of Taste, originally published in 1757 as one of his Four Dissertations, sparked the modern debate on aesthetic theories and the rejection of rationality as the standard of thinking. Hume’s work sparked a contemporary debate on standards, reader response theory, interpretive communities, and canon formation (Leitch 396). In his essay Hume attempts to identify a general standard of taste that can allow humans to resolve aesthetic disagreements. He begins by identifying the problem, which is the inconsistency found in aesthetic discussions, which is that people's taste in art varies greatly despite coming from similar backgrounds and experiences. Hume claims, this variety of taste and opinion is too obvious for society to ignore, because even ‘Men of the most confined knowledge are able to remark a difference of taste in the narrow circle of their acquaintance, even where the persons have been educated under the same government and have early imbibed the same prejudices'' (Hume). Hume points out the inconsistency of taste among people of the same backgrounds, citing how rationality does not play a role when it comes to taste in aesthetics. Despite rejecting a general truth when it comes to taste, Hume does cite that there are some general principles when it comes to art like poetry. Hume cites how poetry has been perceived throughout the ages, stating how poets like Homer, still remain admired throughout the years , despite authority and prejudices' influence on the general public's opinion. While poetry cannot submit to an exact truth, there should be general principles when it comes to perceiving art like poetry. This is where Humes essay gets paradoxical as he just spent the first half explaining how taste cannot be confined to a set of rules or regulations based on rationale, yet he is now stating how there is a set of principles which allow for art to be more refined. He then goes on to state more refined taste can be born from two ways, genius or experience. Hume encourages individuals to practice and consume any form of art and through experience they will gain more knowledge thus refining their taste. Another way to acquire a more refined taste is through genius or simply just being born with it. Many critics found this to be an inconsistency in Hume's argument on taste, and even Hume himself stated his essay was ill argued. However Hume also anticipated that authority and prejudice would severely affect the perception of his work, which is why he waited until after his death to publish his last work on theology. Despite Humes highly criticized work, On the Standard of taste came to be one of the most influential works of the contemporary debate on aesthetic taste, sparking a new debate which evidently would never establish a true universal standard of taste. As stated in Hume's essay, Of the Standard of Taste, “The great variety of taste as well as of opinion which prevails in the world is too obvious not to have fallen under everyone's observation.” Despite people coming from similar backgrounds and experiences, a variety in taste is still very much prevalent among these individuals. What factors play a role in determining an individual's taste and why might they differ despite having similar experiences? Do you believe postmodern standards on aesthetics embrace Hume's theory of rejecting rationalism as the marker of taste or do you believe we have strayed from this theory and have regulated aesthetic tastes to be confined to an objective view based on rational concepts? Edmund Burke: A Philosophical Enquiry Edmund Burke was born into a protestant/ catholic family in Dublin Ireland. Burke made great contributions to “Aesthetics' ' but was most known for his political involvements. He became a member of parliament and used writing to criticize King George and try to help limit the king’s power. He also spent his time critiquing the French revolution. He was known to not favor the ideals that didn’t encompass everyone. His ideal of government was one that thought of and considered everyone past present and future. He warned against focusing just on the rights of the man of the present., to Burke it is dangerous to manipulate that partnership. Burk aims to explore humanities emotional response to art or nature that might frighten us. “… but he, explains the problem with curiosity, is that it is fickle taking us all to quickly from one object of attention to another as it offers us a promise of some novelty, of something new and unusual that momentarily rouses us from the sense of familiarity with which we experience life as a whole. “(Leitch 465) in Burkes A Philosophical Enquiry…. Burke aims to provide a distinction between the sublime and beautiful. Burk characterizes Curiosity to be one of the simplest emotions that humans face in society. Kids are curious about everything because everything is new and fresh to them so the novelty of life easily holds their attention. For adults we lack this because everything isn’t so new and fresh anymore, we have grown out of our innocence and novelty isn’t so appealing to us, we are caught up in everyday tasks and so the novelty of things doesn’t catch our attention as they once did before. “We see children perpetually running from place to place to hunt out something new; they catch with great eagerness, and with extraordinarily little choice at whatever comes before them; their attention is engaged by everything, because everything has, in this stage of life, the charm of novelty. (Burke 467). We then go on to examine pain and pleasure. Burke argues that pain and please can exist without one another and it doesn’t take the absence of one to create the presence of another. “Many are of the opinion that paid arises necessarily from the removal of some pleasure... “(Burke 467). Burke says that people often misinterpret these emotions because if this but he explains how he believed the mind is in neither a state of pleasure or pain but resides in indifference, because when one feels the pleasure of eating something good smelling a sweet smell or seeing something beautiful one does not feel pain he feel is it is impossible to see them as related because you only feel pleasure when you are pleasures and you only feel pain when you are pained. Burke recognizes that removing pain is called delight. In this section it is Burke's goal to define the ending of pleasure. Splitting this characterization into three parts: indifference, disappointment and grief. According to Burke most of what can cause the mind to feel pain or pleasure can be attributed to two things, self preservation and society. The ideas of pain, sickness and death influence the mind to feel pain as they are associated with fear and horror. Then life and health fill the mind with pleasure, Self preservation is something that has gripped society and the mind of humans, and can either bring us great pain or pleasure. The ideas of pain however are much more stronger than those of pleasure as, `the torments we are made to suffer are much greater on the body and mind than any pleasures…” (Burke 459). Burke states how the trauma we may experience has a much greater impact on the mind and body than any pleasures we may experience may have. Thus stating how pain can overcome the mind that not even pleasure will be able to exist. When it comes to the role society plays, it can be divided into two sorts, the society of the sexes and the more general society. No discussion of beauty and the sublime would be complete without a chapter upon the human capacity to reproduce and invent beauty. Burke attributes this phenomenon to the unique experience of having lived. Every person possesses the power of imagination because each has been witness to beauty, emotion, and horror in their lives already. The special part, however, is a person's ability to reimagine these images and experiences into entirely new creations, modeled after reality but divergent. Questions: How is the sublime and beautiful important to modern literature and art, in what ways has it affected the discourse in how individuals view and experience modern art and literature?