Instruction
Research Paper
For the past three weeks, for the research project assignments, you have reviewed articles related to your chosen topic. You will use these weekly assignments as the literature review for your research paper. The research paper will also include a title page, an introduction, a conclusion section, and a reference section.
This week, you will submit a draft of your research paper. The research paper should adhere to the following guidelines:
The research paper should contain 8–10 double-spaced pages in a Microsoft Word document.
The main section should include the following:
A title page.
An introduction: This should be 1 page in length. The introduction will provide a brief overview of what will be covered and the purpose of the research paper.
A literature review (with subheadings): The literature review will be based partly on what you had written in Weeks 2–4. Do not copy that material. This section should be a synthesis of the material found in a cohesive review of the literature on your chosen topic.
A discussion and a conclusion: The difference between a great research paper and a marginal one is the depth and originality of the discussion and conclusion sections. This is where you bring together what you learned from the literature review, as well as the course, in your concluding remarks regarding your topic. The discussion and conclusion sections should be 1–2 pages in length.
A reference page.
The APA style should be followed for citing sources and references.
First assignment
SUMMARY
On being given a herculean task by a researcher I went down the memory lane into my childhood days and found out that I have abandoned doing many activities which I loved to do during my childhood days. The experience of remembering my childhood days was truly an amazing one. Though the memories were fainted but they were lovely and beautiful .I came across some beautiful time spent playing and having fun with my father and mother and got the insight about how much they loved and cared about me. Like any other journey, my journey from childhood to adolescence also had pain, sorrows and happiness but every phase was seemingly interesting to remember. While sharing these with a friend of mine I came across an idea of penning down these memories and then a flood of scenes started coming into my mind. My moments of joy, success, team spirit, sportsmanship, leadership , perseverance, persecution, exile and many more undefined moments. The joy of my father taking me to the market on his shoulders singing songs and humming tunes all the way . The calm, composed, trustworthy feel of my mother when she used to narrate her experiences and shared true stories with me. I also remember my passing the examination and being promoted to 10th standard and about a delegation visiting my house and I being called back at home. The qualms of being reprimanded occupied my mind while getting back and then getting surprised on coming to know about my achievement as I was the only one who managed to pass among the entire class and was consequently being promoted to the next class. I can still remember the jovial faces of school officials and heaved a huge sigh of relief of getting rid of apprehensions of being scolded. I remember being sad for being shifted to a new place which made me leave my home and my friends. I used to get excited with a mere idea of getting back to my home for vacations because vacations for me was to play in the bushes, to get drowned in the river with pool of mud around, about my fear to stay away from fishing.While being back,me and my friends used to take up those activities which we haven’t done for quite long time without any second thought.
Going down the memory lane made me feel better equipped with an idea of how family members, caretakers, childhood days play vital role in an individual’s all round development and social advancement. Fostering of the values of honesty , telling about the value of education in being successful eventually makes us a successful human being able to deal with any contingencies arising. Being taught about how to be dependent and independent to be successful. These made me learn the value of collaboration , team work ,independence to be successful. My mother narrated me real stories and asked to remember those days and then with the help of the memories fetched she gave me a valuable lesson to imbibe. Whenever in my life I come across challenges and am able to overcome them it reminds me of my mother’s valuable suggestions and lessons. To treat absence as a learning process, to be patient, being told about the prayer ritual and how prayers make our lives peaceful, calm and successful and helps overcoming all difficulties and challenges.
My mentors aren’t alone my parent s but comprise of many known and unknown individuals who have shaped my life and have stood by me in the tough times as mentoring is very delicate and critically important task and moreover it teaches you the numerous ways to lead life in an efficient manner. Love has its unique place of importance in nurturing a child , in building relationships, in infusing creativity, in understanding them. At the same time discipline plays an important role in shaping them as productive and responsible citizens.
My mother’s conviction and support encouraged me to persevere and not to compromise and has been a driving force in my professional as well as personal life. Though I know that it is impossible but I just want to cherish my childhood memories by getting back into those precious days. I also hope and wish to foster the same values in my son which were imbibed in me by my parents and my mentors. The childhood days as proven by the research are the most important ones since they help in psychological, social, emotional and overall growth and framing outlook of an individual.
Analysis and evaluation:-
Musue Haddad , a prominent journalist and a photo-journalist who has received many awards and acclaims for her work in a war torn and strife environment has been requested by a researcher who is pursuing his research on “How childhood days help in framing you as an successful Individual in all your endeavorsâ€.
As she goes down the memory lane she cherishes her beautiful childhood days when she used to play, laugh, have fun with friends and family, was loved and being taken care of. The moment while cherishing the childhood fun and pranks she also realized how the constant teachings and lessons taught by her mother and father in form of short stories, sharing experiences, making her understand the situations, being dependent as well a s independent have shaped her in whatever she is now and has played a critically important role in fetching her success in form of awards and accolades for her work.
She also wishes to foster the same lessons which she had learnt from her parents and other mentors in her forthcoming generation to help them gear up and be equipped to meet challenges of life and to stay stable and afloat.
Second Assignment
The article basically raises the concern on adolescent pregnancies, Family planning method and reduction of maternal, newborn and Child Mortality in Tanzania. On these issue the Advance family planning (AFP), a group of 10 local Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) advocating for family planning access to Tanzania is working. The project's main aim is to contribute towards strengthening investments in family planning as a way towards attaining national and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
In Tanzania a total of 28,600 girls could not complete their formal education because of pregnancies from 2004 to 2008, A large percentage of women aged between 15-19 years are mothers or pregnant with their first child. The national average of teenage childbearing is higher in western zone with 30 percent against 23 percent national average. Due to early pregnancy these girls suffer many health problems, sex problem in later life and maternal mortality rate is also high 454 death per 100,000 live births. Current infant mortality rate is 51 deaths per 1,000 live births and under-five mortality rate is 81 deaths per 1,000 live births.
The need of woman education is necessary because the number of child per woman is less, they are more comfortable in using family planning method, the education is also related to wealth status and infant mortality rate status, for example As the second class wealth mothers score 59 percent at infant mortality in the under-five death locates at 92 percent. If the mother is well educated there is no need of abortion because mother will use prior precautions which lowers down infant and maternal mortality rate. Report clearly says Infant mortality to mothers with secondary or higher education drops to 52 percent where the under-five death plunk at 73 percent in comparison 67 percent infant mortality rate in uneducated women. The Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) 2010, states that the current Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is 5.4 children per woman and women have their first birth at a median age of 19.5 years, this indicate urgent need to educate women all the available options of family planning, some section of society does not accept contemporary family planning due to cultural beliefs that’s why mass movement along with education is necessary.
Analysis and Evaluation-
The article raises the problem of teenage pregnancy, infant mortality, maternal mortality and health problems with mothers. The main cause of this entire problem is ignorance and not following the modern practice of family planning. As Tanzania is not very wealthy country, so government spending on health sector is not up to the demanded level. Many NGOs are working to popularize the family planning method in interior areas which has earlier not accepted the method due to older customs and beliefs. Government is now laying stress on the education of girl child because this will led to less number of children per woman, lesser infant mortality rate and lesser maternal mortality rate also. This will also reduce the cases of illegal abortions. Due to education wealth status of females and family will also increase so they would be able to give their children a better future. The educated citizen are aware of their rights so it also create pressure on the government to improve the health standards so that maternal and infant mortality rate in Tanzania will definitely will go down, Due to social security common people will not want to have more number of child rather they will try towards quality life which will be beneficial for economic growth of Tanzania also.
Article 2 Summary
This article is about the research done on the topic to study the level of depression in women during pregnancy times and its effect on newly born baby. The research is well co-ordinated and done on 154 pregnant women over 2 year having no chronic illness. The mothers' depressive symptoms were assessed at 28, 32 and 37 weeks of gestation and again at birth, Blood samples were taken with permission and medical attention from the infants' umbilical cords at birth to measure ACTH and Cortisol hormone levels. At two weeks, the infants were given a test for neurobehavioral evaluation that assessed many things like response to stimuli, motor skills and response to stress. Statistical analyses were then done to look for patterns within and among the groups. Group of researchers found that at two weeks old, that the children of depressed mothers had some decreased muscle tone compared to those born to mothers who weren't depressed, yet they adjusted more quickly to stimuli like a bell, rattle or light - a sign of neurological maturity. Researchers have also taken into the account of Infant Behaviour and Development they examined links between maternal depression and the development of an infants' neuro-endocrine system, which is responsible for controlling the body's stress response, along with mood and emotion. A higher level of depression in mothers during pregnancy was associated with higher levels of stress hormones in their children at birth, as well as with other neurological and behavioural differences, which gives birth to two possibilities that they are either more sensitive to stress and respond more vigorously to it, or that they are less able to shut down their stress response.
The research clearly establishes that depression of mother affects the body functioning of newly born baby, it also affects the growth of baby but long term research is needed because this type of research is still in its primarily stage, long observational study up to 20 years of studies are required to fully understand the effect of depression on the life of baby.
Analysis and Evaluation-
The research clearly establishes the bad effect of depression of mother during the pregnancy time on the health of baby. The present research is not complete in nature and has many shortcomings because the sample women chosen are mainly from one region. We need study that has universal impact in which more than 5000 women should be chosen from different condition and background then the study should be done for more than five 5 year to completely understand the impact of depression.
The study has indicated the relationship of more production of stress hormone due to depression, more study is needed to understand the complete impact of stress hormones on the boy of newly born baby. Research shows that depressed mother’s baby is either hyper sensitive or less sensitive to the stimulis. Need of postpartum programs known to support healthy infant development through mom/baby relationships is increasing much because of today’s life is full of stress of careers and development. The role of counselling of pregnant women gain importance in today’s scenario to lower down the depression in expecting mothers.
Third assignment
Article-1-Summary
The present article describes the progress in the field of diagnosing the disease related to the brain. Earlier Doctors used to diagnosis the Brain related disease based on the symptoms without seeing what is actually happening inside the brain because powerful and reliable techniques were absent. Scientists are working hard to find how brain works and have characteristics according to age, health & sex. The study conducted in North western University in Chicago Researchers led by Emily Rogalski on Super Agers ( 80+ , Exceptional memories) and compare with normal volunteer people, scientist find that’s their outer cortex & the anterior cingulate cortex were thick which was responsible for better memory retention. The study published August in Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society can use to protect the memory loss in Alzheimer's disease.
A different research was done on Age spectrum study which is published in the journal Current Biology online in mid-August it shows how a typical brain matures from ages 3 to 20. Researchers led by Tim Brown at the University of California at San Diego's School of Medicine describe 231 anatomical markers visible through MRI scans can detect real age of person. Another group of USSD researcher has identify eyes, as windows to brain, they uses different fluorescents tube which change colours depending on the on the type of protein plaques, or amyloids, they met, the brains of patients contains these fluids. The probes show yellow when it hits amyloids associated with prions found in CJD (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease), but green when it binds with proteins linked to Alzheimer's. The technology is on patent process for commercial clinical use.
Analysis and Evaluation-
The present article lays stress on the recent development in the field of diagnosing the neural disease. The articles use Medical terminology but the language is straightforward, matter presented is lucid and arranged in manner to easily understand the meaning. The writing style of the Article is informative one, it give references to many journals for further reading to enhance the knowledge in field of neural disease diagnosis. It gives the example of work done by the scientist of North western university in the study of Super ager by comparing the size of gray matter in the cortex, which was cause of their better memory retention.
Research led by the Tim Brown at the University of California at San Diego's School of Medicine identified 237 anatomical markers visible through MRI scans to identify the age with 97% accuracy; this shows the advancement and accuracy in the field of diagnosis. The most path breaking research is going on by UCSD researchers which uses eyes as window to the brain, they made fluorescent tubes which give different colours when strikes to different protein. For example probes emits yellow when it hits amyloids associated with prions found in CJD (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease), but green when it strikes with proteins linked to Alzheimer's. This shows how many alternative technologies are available to diagnose the neural diseases. These techniques when gets patented can be used for commercial production which can change the traditional techniques. In future the diagnosing technique will be more cost effective and pain less that help in wide spreading of the health facilities to the masses. Generally these new technique are easy to use and reliable and time saving one, so early detection of Alzheimer, CJD and other neural disease is possible. The new research can save many lives in future.