A new report published by the Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development (CSDD) pegs the cost of developing a prescription drug that gains market approval at $2.6 billion, a 145% increase, correcting for inflation, over the estimate the center made in 2003. CSDDs finding, a bellwether figure in the drug industry, is based on an average out-of-pocket cost of $1.4 billion and an estimate of $1.2 billion in returns that investors forego on that money during the 10-plus years a drug candidate spends in development. The centers analysis drew from information provided by 10 pharmaceutical companies on 106 randomly selected drugs first tested in humans between 1995 and 2007. The study concludes that another $312 million is spent on postapproval developmentstudies to test new indications, formulations, and dosage strengthsfor a life-cycle cost of $2.9 billion. The steep rise in costs comes despite an intense effort in recent years to bring efficiency to pharmaceutical R&D. Offsetting any such savings, according to CSDD, are higher costs due to the increased complexity of clinical trials, a greater focus on chronic and degenerative diseases, and tests for insurers seeking comparative drug effectiveness data. Noting the high cost of failure in drug development, Joseph A. DiMasi, director of economic analysis at CSDD and principal investigator for the study, says the cost of unsuccessful projects is figured into his groups analysis. John LaMattina, senior partner at the venture capital firm PureTech and former head of R&D at Pfizer, says he saw battle lines forming within hours of the reports publication. People are automatically saying that pharma, and the Pharmaceutical Research & Manufacturers of America in particular, is really going to use this to justify the high cost of drugs. LaMattina counters that pricing should be based not on R&D costs but on the value a drug delivers to patients. Meeting new insurance company requirements to determine that value, he adds, has raised the cost of development at a rate that far outpaces efficiency efforts, which tend to address early-stage research. LaMattina says, The value of the Tufts study is that it helps the public understand that this is a high-risk, expensive, and long-term endeavor. The cost of developing a new drug has skyrocketed since the 1970s. Source: Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development. Source: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/cost-to-develop-new-pharmaceutical-drug-now-exceeds-2-5b/ This approach is designed to promote drug companies' products by influencing doctors' prescribing practices.3 How Does the Pharmaceutical Industry Market its Drugs and How Much Does It Spend? pharm-mktg-grab3 2013 The Pew Charitable Trusts Source: Cegedim Strategic Data, 2012 U.S. Pharmaceutical Company Promotion Spending (2013). Direct Marketing Detailing: This marketing approach refers to face-to-face promotional activities directed toward physicians and pharmacy directors. Pharmaceutical representatives typically visit doctors to pitch their drugs. Detailing also includes taking doctors out for meals and giving them gifts in the form of medical textbooks. As of 2012, approximately 72,000 pharmaceutical sales representatives were employed in the United States.4 Samples: Providing free medication samples to physicians has been shown to cause significant increases in new prescriptions for the promoted drug.5 Although companies assert that samples benefit indigent patients, research indicates that most are given to insured patients whose medications are covered.6 Indeed, patients who are given samples ultimately have higher prescription costs than those who do not receive them because they are then prescribed the sampled drug rather than its less-expensive generic alternative.7 Educational and Promotional Meetings: Sales representatives invite doctors to meetings during which industry-paid physicians discuss the use of particular drugs. These speakers are often leaders in their fields, which increases the draw. According to an analysis by ProPublica, an independent investigative news organization, eight pharmaceutical companies provided more than $220 million in speaker payments to physicians in 2010.8 The companies often host these events at restaurants and provide meals to physicians who attend.9 Promotional Mailings: Pharmaceutical companies send unsolicited promotional materials to most doctors' offices. Typically, these brochures tout a drug's benefits and positively describe the results of recent clinical trials, which are often funded by the same company. One study found that these materials were highly biased in favor of the company's products, mainly because they selectively reported trials in which the sponsored drug outperformed that of competitors.10 Journal and Web Advertisements: These advertisements are standard promotional techniques that provide an important source of revenue for medical journals. The accuracy of statements in such ads is regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA. According to one study, journal advertising generated the highest return on investment of all promotional strategies employed by pharmaceutical companies, with returns ranging from $2.22 to $6.86 per advertising dollar spent between 1995 and 1999.11 In April 2009, FDA warned 14 major drugmakers for running search ads for many of their products that highlighted the products' effectiveness without noting any of their risks.12 Direct-to-Consumer Advertising: In 1997, FDA issued guidance that enabled pharmaceutical companies to more easily advertise to the public. Since then, spending on these direct-to-consumer ads has nearly quadrupled.13 One study showed that 43 percent of respondents thought that only completely safe drugs were allowed to be advertised. Direct-to-consumer advertising has proved effective in motivating patients to ask for the branded product, even when generic equivalents exist.14 Furthermore, these ads have encouraged one-third of respondents to speak to their doctors about the promoted drug and one-fifth to request the prescription.15 In one study, doctors were more likely to prescribe a branded antidepressant when asked for it by name than when patients didn't specify which treatment they wanted.16 The United States and New Zealand are the only member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in which drug companies can advertise prescription drugs directly to consumers. (The organization includes 34 of the world's most advanced and emerging nations in North and South America, Europe, and Asia.) Indirect Marketing Continuing Medical Education (CME): In 2011, the pharmaceutical and medical device industries provided 32 percent of all funding for continuing medical education courses in the United States$752 million out of $2.35 billion.17 To prevent these courses from functioning as veiled marketing, they are regulated by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education. However, a 2007 Senate Finance Committee report found that drug companies have used educational grants as a way to increase the market for their products in recent years.18 Grants to Health Advocacy Organizations (HAO): Patient advocates can mobilize large numbers of people on behalf of a specific issue, often to the benefit of drug companies that manufacture treatments for their diseases. One study found that organizations that had received grants from pharmaceutical manufacturers often endorsed the companies' positions, while groups that had received minimal financing focused their advocacy on drugs' potential side. Source: http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/fact-sheets/2013/11/11/persuading-the-prescribers-pharmaceutical-industry-marketing-and-its-influence-on-physicians-and-patients Target Audience Perhaps the most important part of marketing a product is knowing your audience. When marketing a drug, it is important to consider multiple different audiences. The first main category of individuals that must be considered is the patient. The patient is the end consumer of the product. They must be informed about the product in a way that is simple enough for a non-medical-professional to understand, and they must be informed that the product is safe and effective. The second category that should be focused on is medical professionals. This group includes doctors, nurses, and hospital management. The marketing strategy toward this group should be more technical and detailed, since these people are the ones that will be prescribing and administering the medication. They should be informed about what ingredients are used, how the drug is administered, how it works, and any possible side effects. The advertising campaign can create two different sets of advertisements directed at these two groups. Advertisements on television and social media can be directed toward the patients, because the ads will be seen by the mainstream population who are not medical professionals. These advertisements will contain general information with less detail, as well as emotional appeals and other marketing strategies. The advertisements that will be directed toward medical professionals can be shown in places like medical journals and medical conferences. These advertisements will then be more likely to be viewed by doctors who will be prescribing the medication, and hospital workers that will be administering it. These advertisements will contain more detailed statistics and usage information about the drug. Another important aspect of knowing the audience is knowing where they are located. For example, areas that have a higher population density and a greater industrial presence may have more airborne pollution, and therefore more incidents of lung cancer. Information about where lung cancer is more prevalent will be very helpful in determining where to focus the advertisements to make them more effective. The following images contain maps showing the amount of incidents and deaths due to lung cancer by state: The first map shows the density of lung cancer incidents by state, and the second map shows the death rates. This information would be very helpful in choosing where to focus marketing to improve the effectiveness of advertisements and to increase sales. Marketing and sales strategy Cancer is a collection of related diseases that cause the body cells to divide without stopping. Normally, if a cell dies, a new cell comes to take its place. however, when cancer starts to develop, old and dead cells survive longer, and new cells form when they are not needed. Ideally, most hospitals use Chemical Therapy to kill the disease, but there are many side effects that come with it. So we looked for an alternative way to destroy cancer with minimum harm to the patient, efficiency, and frugal. Firstly, when we start looking at our sources about Chemical Therapy we focus on the side effect of the therapy. The U.S Department of Health and Human Service stated that, after patient come out of a Chemical Therapy section, he will be faced with the first common side effect, fatigue. Most doctors suggest that patient should rest at the hospital, or call someone for a ride home if he cant afford to stay at the hospital and take day or two off (USDHHS,2007). (RND). the USDHHS stated that, you most likely will have one or more side effects of the Chemical Therapy. To number some of these side effects hair losing (also known as alopecia), appetite change, and blood infection (USDHHS,2007). (RND). in conclusion, our product will hopefully cure the patient with less known side effects and could revolutionize our way of dealing with cancer in the future. In conclusion, although Chemical Therapy is the closest thing to cure cancer, but it is not always cure the patient, you can see that Chemical Therapy remove the infected part completely and the body can not obtain that peace after it remove, so this could be fatal if the cancer hits a crucial body part like brain, heart, and other part that are irreplaceable body organ. Our product aims to help the body to replace the infected cells and cure it some what naturally. Bibliography Side effects for chemical therapy - https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/chemotherapy-and-you.pdf Lung Cancer Rates i need someone to write one page for me paragraph about the the ..the side effect of the traditional treatment for cancer (( chemotherapy)) - one chart and statistic -one source