Instruction
An Ethical Dilemma
In your final paper, you should explore an ethical dilemma that interests you and/or one that you think you might have to face as a museum professional.
The issue could relate to many topics including:
Special needs/accessibility
Access to collections
Conflict of interest
Censorship
Corporate sponsorships
Fundraising
Your paper should include the following:
A definition of the ethical dilemma.
As many facts as you can gather about the situation.
Questions you might have about facts that are missing and how the answers to those questions might have an impact upon your determination about how to resolve the dilemma.
Identify the stakeholders (those who might be affected by how the issue is resolved) as well as their values and interests.
Formulate the problem the practical circumstances that necessitate a decision.
Explore the viable options.
Apply ethical principles, institutional policies, or other rules or guidelines to the various options.
Consider possible impact (both within the museum and outside) of the possible decisions as well as reactions to your solution.
Devise alternate solutions to deal with worst-case scenarios.
You might also find one or two examples of how museums have dealt with the same issue to use to bolster your case. In instances where media coverage has been full and the museum has responded publicly, you may have enough information by just using one example. In other cases, you may need to cite more than one example to work through all of the nuances of the issue.
Use references from class reading assignments and additional research to help formulate your possible resolutions to the dilemma. In the conclusion to your paper, please summarize the points of view of stakeholders as well as your thinking about the most appropriate resolution.
For example, the use of funds from deaccessioning for anything other than acquisitions or direct collections care is considered unethical. You might feel that this is wrong, especially for a museum that is on the verge of bankruptcy. You might research one or two instances where museums have worked through this situation and have become fiscally healthier as a result of deaccessioning. After looking at how these institutions have handled the problems, you could make some generalizations that would support your belief that the ethics surrounding deaccessioning should be changed to allow museums more leeway in using funds from deaccessioning, depending upon the circumstances they are in.
The paper should be 8-10 pages in length, double-spaced, plus bibliography and any supporting materials (e.g., media coverage) you may wish to append.
NOTE I wanna make research about replication of the antiquities with highlights on the Roman Arch from Palmyra that rebuild in London after was destroyed by ISIS group. I wanna discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the replication and rebuilding the antiquities. And discuss the issue of Authenticity. I will give resources and some information to include in the research paper
I need you also to include this resources in my research regarding the issue of authenticity and replication technology.
Central Problem: How has technology changed the perception of cultural heritage preservation?
Dimensions of the problem:
Everyone in the museum community agrees that cultural heritage should be preserved and protected by museums and other institutions. Groups such as UNESCO have dedicated forums and conferences to protect cultural heritage and new technology is being developed such as 3-D printing to aid in the preservation through replication. While everyone is in agreement that cultural heritage needs to be protected, the issue of replication is a debated subject. Some professionals argue that methods like 3-D printing cheapen the meaning of these artifacts. A cheap copy of an artifact or monument does not hold the same value and meaning as the destroyed or damaged original. I am focusing my research on what exactly makes these replicas feel cheap and my tentative hypothesis is that although the copy may never completely replace the original artifact, by having these copies are an important part of the future of cultural heritage preservation. While the original may be gone, people can still benefit from the copy.
The Aura of an Object:
In my research Ive looked at what makes the experience of seeing a copy cheap. From German philosopher Walter Benjamin, Ive looked at what Benjamin calls the aura. Originally published in The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction, Benjamin describes the effects that photography has in the art world. Although photography captures the likeness of the originally artwork, the essence and authenticity of the work has been lost. This idea of the aura can be applied to cultural heritage preservation where the value and authenticity of an artifact is lost once it is reproduced.
Changing Visitor Experience :
In Nothing Like the Real Thing, Daniel Grant argues that reproductions sometimes ruin the experience of the museum visitor, as they lose interest at times if they arent seeing the real thing on display. While he suggests that reproductions are helpful give museum professionals a way to study the actual artifact while keeping a reproduction on display, the experience for the visitor is changed. He suggests that our minds are led in a different direction than when examining authentic artifacts.
Technology and Cultural Heritage Preservation:
In this article by Patty Gerstenblith, she examines the different aspects of cultural heritage preservation and categorizes preservation into 4 steps documentation, protection, conservation, and reproduction. She focuses on the recent events in the Middle East such as the destruction of Palmyra to show how technology is being adapted to create more authentic replicas and increase accessibility to sites and objects. Programs such as Rekrei, #NewPalmyra, and The Million Image Database work through crowdsourcing photographs of the sites and creating 3-D renderings of artifacts and sites. She brings up the idea of Disneyland Archaeology, where the recreation of a site such as Palmyra would diminish the sites real meaning and make its destruction seem less significant. With a 3-D printed replication of the site of Palmyra, Gerstenbleith suggests that it might just become a tourist attraction rather than a important cultural site. She says that leaving the destruction at the site for at least the time being teaches a lesson about the importance of preservation
Mark Sinclair brings up an interesting point in his article Should Museums Be Recreating the Past. There is a website called sketchfab.com and users can download 36 different ancient objects to 3-D print. While this has made replication easier, simply printing an object doesnt give it meaning or bring attention to the issues in cultural heritage preservation. He, like Gerstenblith also brings up the idea that reconstruction is almost erasing another part of history. He uses Robert Bevan take on the destruction of the Buddhas of Bamiyan. Bevan suggests that better the Buddhas empty niches stand as a memorial to the horrors of wanton destruction. I am currently looking for Bevans full article to continue my research.
The Victoria and Albert Museum in collaboration with the Venice Biennale is showing an exhibition called A World of Fragile Things. The exhibition shows how reproduction is helping cultural heritage preservation as a way to help future generations study the past and make it accessible. It also touches on the history of replication, specifically in the V&As own history. I still need to research this exhibition more.
this is some resources that i wish to look at in doing the research paper :
Bacchi, Umberto. "Palmyra Arch in London: 'Unethical' Reconstruction of 'Disneyland' Archaeology Criticised." International Business Times. IBTimes Co., 19 Apr. 2016. Web. 18 Oct. 2016.
Benjamin, Walter, and J. A. Underwood. The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction. London: Penguin, 2008. Print.
Bevan, Robert. The Destruction of Memory: Architecture at War. London: Reaktion, 2006. Print.
Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "UNESCO World Heritage Centre." UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Web. 14 Nov. 2016.
Foundation, Factum. "Results from the Cross River Monoliths Project Presented at the British Museum." Factum Foundation. Web. 14 Nov. 2016.
Gerstenblith, Patty. "Technology and Cultural Heritage Preservation." Display At Your Own Risk. 29 Apr. 2016. Web. 13 Nov. 2016.
Grant, Daniel. "Nothing Like the Real Thing." The New Criterion (2015): 24-29. Dec. 2015. Web. 14 Oct. 2016.
"The Million Image Database." The Institute for Digital Archaeology. Web. 14 Nov. 2016.
Pye, Elizabeth. The Power of Touch: Handling Objects in Museum and Heritage Contexts. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast, 2007. Print.
Sinclair, Mark. "Should Museums Be Recreating the Past?" The Creative Review. 20 July 2016. Web. 14 Oct. 2016.
"Sketchfab - Your 3D Content Online and in VR." Sketchfab. Web. 14 Nov. 2016.
Sketchfab. "Sketchfab - Your 3D Content Online and in VR." Sketchfab. Web. 14 Nov. 2016.
If you need more information please let me know ,
looking foreword to hearing from you,