Shan(ltsd) Outside research to address these issues is encouraged. Please remember to cite your references. You must post your initial response by Wednesday of the week assigned and must reply to 2 others by Sunday of the week assigned. Your initial substantive response should be at least 500 words. You are required to respond to two of your classmates' postings. These responses must be at least 250 words each. All citations must be in Blue book format. A thorough discussion of the use of force to accomplish the criminal act of rape may be found in Commonwealth v. Berkowitz, 641 A.2d 1161 (Pa. 1994). Defendant was convicted of rape after being involved in an alleged acquaintance rape situation in a college dorm room. Defendant appealed his conviction. The appellate court reversed the defendants conviction and the Pennsylvania Supreme Court affirmed the reversal of defendants conviction. Jurisdictions require one of two standards in showing a use of force: 1. Force requiring some act in addition to the physical effort required to accomplish the sexual penetration; or 2. Simply that amount of effort required to accomplish the nonconsensual sexual penetration. Defendant was convicted using the latter standard, but the appellate courts believed that the Pennsylvania statute required the former standard. Please discuss the following: 1. Do you believe that these two standards are a proper "test" for the Court's to use when determining if a rape occurred? 2. Do you agree with the Court in this case made the proper determination and why? The case may be found at this link: scholar.google.com/scholar_case