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I recently done an assignment that contain writing the answers in American Pshchological Associaltion Style(APA).Here is first question that I done in APA style.Question 1
Production possibility curve
In economics, a production–possibility frontier (PPF), sometimes called a production–possibility curve, production-possibility boundary or product transformation curve, is a graph that shows the various combinations of amounts of two commodities that could be produced using the same fixed total amount of each of the factors of production. Graphically bounding the production set for fixed input quantities, the PPF curve shows the maximum possible production level of one commodity for any given production level of the other, given the existing state of technology. By doing so, it defines productive efficiency in the context of that production set: a point on the frontier indicates efficient use of the available inputs, while a point beneath the curve indicates inefficiency. A period of time is specified as well as the production technologies and amounts of inputs available. The commodities compared can either be goods or services.
A PPF typically takes the form of the curve on the right. An economy that is operating on the PPF is said to be efficient, meaning that it would be impossible to produce more of one good without decreasing production of the other good. In contrast, if the economy is operating below the curve, it is said to be operating inefficiently because it could reallocate resources in order to produce more of both goods.
Technological change
Technological change (TC) is a term that is used to describe the overall process of invention, innovation and diffusion of technology or processes. The term is synonymous with technological development, technological achievement, and technological progress. In essence TC is the invention of a technology (or a process), the continuous process of improving a technology (in which it often becomes cheaper) and its diffusion throughout industry or society. In short, technological change is based on both better and more technology.
Refrences
1. Bhagwati and V.K.Ramaswami, 1963, Domestic distortions, factors affecting the revenue and budgets, J. Political Economy 71, 44-50.
2. Findlay, R. and HGrubert, 1959, Factor intensities, technological progress and the terms of
trade, Oxford Economic Papers 11, 111-121.
3. Fishlow, A. and P.David, 1961, Optimal resource allocation in an imperfect market setting,
J. Political Economy 69, 529-546.
4. Hagen, E., 1958, An economic justification of protectionism, Quart. J. Economics 72, 496-
514.
5. Johnson, H., 1966, Factor market distortions and the shape of the transformation curve, Econometrica 34,686-708.
6. K. J. Arrow, `The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing,` Rev. of Econ. Studies, June, 1962, pp. 155-73.
7. J. S. Coleman, Introduction to Production Possibility Curve (Free Press, 1964).
8. W. Fellner,`Does the Market Direct the Relative Factor-Saving Effects of Technological Progress?` in The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity (Princeton, 1962)) pp. 171-88.
9. Z. Griliches,`Hybrid Corn: An Exploration in the Economics of Technological Change,` Econometrics, Oct., 1957, pp. 501-22.
10. C. Kennedy, `Induced Bias in Innovation and the Theory of Distribution,` Econ. J., Sept., 1964, pp. 541-47.
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