answer the questions of a midterm study guide from the SPECIFIC readings I've attached only, DO NOT use any outside resources please.

Short Answer Questions (the answers for each question in this section should be a maximum of 2 sentences) 1. What is the definition of a valid argument? 2. What is the definition of a sound argument? 3. On the first day of class, I identified three broad classes of mental states. What were they? Give an example of each. 4. Who wrote Meditations on First Philosophy? 5. What is dualism? 6. What is Cartesian dualism? 7. What is epistemology? 8. What is ontology? 9. According to Descartes, what is the essence of your mind? 10. According to Descartes, what is the essence of your body? 11. Explain Descartes’s distinction between conceiving and imagining. Give an example of something that can be conceived with the intellect but not imagined. 12. What is logical possibility? 13. What is physical possibility? 14. What is technological possibility? 15. What is epistemological possibility? 16. Who wrote a book called The Concept of Mind? 17. What is a category mistake? Give an example. 18. What is behaviorism? 19. Who wrote an essay called “Brains and Behavior”? 20. What is the identity theory of mind? 21. Who wrote an essay called “Sensations and Brain Processes”? 22. What is Occam’s Razor? 23. Explain the distinction between types and tokens. Give an example to illustrate the distinction. 24. What are contingent facts? 25. What is the “description” theory of names? Give an example in order to illustrate the theory. 26. What is functionalism? 27. Who wrote an essay called “The Nature of Mental States”? 28. Who wrote a book called Matter and Consciousness? 29. Who is considered the father of modern computer science? 30. Which theory of mind provides the theoretical rationale for artificial intelligence research? Long Answer Questions (the answer for each question in this section should be a minimum of 2 paragraphs) 1. What is Descartes’s Argument for Dualism? Explain each premise. Make sure to explain any key concepts. In lecture we discussed an objection to the argument. What was it? In order to illustrate the objection, we discussed three cases in which it seems something is conceivable yet logically impossible. Explain those three cases. 2. What is Cartesian Dualism? What was Princess Elizabeth’s objection to Cartesian Dualism? How did Descartes try to respond to her objection? Be thorough in your answer. 3. What is the identity theory of mind? What is pain, according to identity theory? J. J. C. Smart considers eight objections to identity theory. Explain three of those objections. Then explain how Smart replies to those three objections. 4. Gilbert Ryle accuses Descartes of committing a category mistake. Explain to me the notion of a category mistake. Use the example that Ryle used, about a foreigner who’s visiting a university. Then explain why Ryle accuses Descartes of committing a similar mistake. 5. What is behaviorism? What is pain, according to behaviorism? In lecture we discussed five problems for behaviorism. Explain four of those five problems. 6. What is functionalism? What are mental states, according to functionalism? Explain thoroughly. In order to do this, you will need to explain the following notions and how they relate to functionalism: functional kinds, compositional kinds, computational states, Turing machines, multiple realizability, type materialism and token materialism