anatomy

QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 3 1. Why is it so important that the cell membrane be semi permeable instead of permeable? What are the two main organic molecules that make up the structure of the cell membrane and how do they contribute to this situation? 2. What is the difference between a gap and a tight junction? Why is this difference important? 3. Inside the cell there are many organelles; which one is a tunnel system that provides an area to carry substances from one area to another of the cell quicker than going through the cytoplasm? Which organelle is the energy production area of the cell? Which organelle is responsible for cleaning or clearing the cell of unwanted substances such as bacteria? Which organelle detoxifies the cell from poisonous substances and disarms free radicals? 4. What happens to lysosomal membranes and then to the cell when injury occurs to cells? Since cortisone stabilizes lysosomal membranes, why is it given to people such as athletes who have injuries and what is it doing for them in practical terms? What else does cortisone do? http://www.spineuniverse.com/treatments/pain-management/truth-about-cortisone-shotsl is a Website about cortisone that can help you with this answer. 5. What are the two types of passive transport through cell membranes? What is the difference between them? Describe osmosis. Why is exactly the right concentration of solute in an I.V. critically necessary for life? 6. Give an example of active transport/solute pumping. 7. What are exocytosis and endocytosis and what are they used for? 8. What are the differences between DNA and RNA? What is a gene? 9. What are the four tissue types? What is a basic function of each type? Give a few examples of each and where they are found. 10. In wound healing, when is scar tissue formed and why? Does this matter to function in different areas of the body such as the skin or the heart? 11. What do the terms hyperplasia and atrophy mean? What does this have to do with hypertrophy? For a long discussion of the topic with reference to skeletal muscle see http://www.bodybuilding.net/training-articles/hypertrophy-vs-hyperplasia-958.html 12. The following questions relate to the special section called "Cancer-The Intimate Enemy" and the Website listed above. a. What is the difference between a benign and a malignant neoplasm? b. Why is the diagnosis "metastatic can QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 4 1. List all of the functions of the skin. 2. Give an example of muscular, nervous, epithelial and connective tissue in the skin. 3. What are the effects of excessive sun exposure on the skin? Why do you get more cold sores or herpes attacks after sunbathing? 4. What are the three pigments that contribute to normal skin color? 5. What are some of the health problems involved in getting tattooed? 6. What is the difference between sebaceous and sweat glands? What are the two types of sweat glands? Which of all of these glands are susceptible to the effects of testosterone? Why is that a special problem for your age group? 7. List four common infections and allergic responses in the skin and what causes them? 8. What types of burns cause the development of scar tissue? What makes a burn "critical"? 9. What are the three types of skin cancer? Which is the most common? Which is the most deadly? How do you prevent them (look up a good Website such as http://www.maui.ne Name the five functions of bone. In a long bone - where are the epiphysis, diaphysis, articular cartilage, epiphyseal line and plate, and the red and yellow marrow? What is the purpose of the epiphyseal plate? At what ages do these plates close? Growth hormones stimulate bone growth. With this in mind what is the problem with taking it at the age of 20. What is the purpose of osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity? What is the difference between closed and open reductions of bone? What are the stages of bone repair? How long does it take for a simple fracture to heal? Find a picture on the Web of two types of fractures and list the URL's for them. What are the parts of a typical synovial joint? Arthritis is very widespread in our country. Discuss the differences between the types listed in the book - osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis. Look up some extra information on the causes and classic treatments for each on the Web. Can you find and describe at least one "alternative" treatment for arthritis and list the URL for it. Find out something interesting about two other students in this class and tell us what that is.