anatomy

1. Describe the anatomy of a sarcomere. What is a sarcomere? 2. Describe the anatomy of a neuromuscular junction and how messages are passed from nerve to muscle. 3. What happens at the neuromuscular junction if it is exposed to curare (it is used on the tips of poison arrows)? See any number of sites like -http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Curare/ . Can other drugs interfere with neuromuscular transmission? 4. Describe the events that occur in muscle contraction (hint: actin and myosin contraction cycle). 5. Since individual fibers are all or none, how do we get a greater response from a muscle (e.g. lift a chair versus a piece of paper)? 6. What is the meaning of the two terms aerobic and anaerobic metabolism? Make a list to show whether carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins can be used to get energy aerobically and/or anaerobically. Why is lipid such a great energy source? Why do we "spare" carbohydrate use for energy? 7. Why are athletes taking creatine? Where exactly is it used in providing energy for muscle contraction? Does it influence strength of muscles? (look this up on the Internet and combine that information with what you get out of our book) 8. What is the difference between isotonic and isometric contractions? When would each one be used? 9. What are anabolic steroids used for and what are their side effects? QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 7: 1. What are the parts of the Central Nervous System? 2. Give an example of a sensory neuron and where it is located. Why do we have two divisions of the motor system. 3. What are the four types of neuroglia? Why is there a possibility of cancer in this tissue as opposed to no possibility in neurons. 4. Describe the following parts of a neuron and the function of each: axon, dendrites, cell body, myelin, Schwann cells, and node of Ranvier. 5. What is the purpose of myelin? Describe multiple sclerosis and list a Website that describes its symptoms and progression. 6. What unequal distribution of sodium and potassium is made across the neuronal membrane? Why do they need to be placed that way? 7. Describe the events of depolarization. How does it differ from an action potential. 8. Give examples of factors that can impair the conduction of impulses. 9. What is the difference between neuronal stimulation of skeletal and cardiac muscle? 10. Explain why do we call the stimulation of a neuron an “electrochemical event”? 11. Choose an inhibitory neurotransmitter and describe its effects. 12. What effect does cocaine have on chemical transmission at the synapse? 13. Too high or low potassium can kill you. Explain why .(from your text or the Web) 14. Identify the following lobes of the brain in terms of location and function: the frontal and the primary motor area, parietal and the primary sensory area, occipital, and temporal. 15. How do the basal nuclei contribute to coordinated movement? What are the symptoms of Parkinson's disease? 16. Identify the following parts of the brainstem in terms of location and function: thalamus, hypothalamus, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum. 17. Why do we care about cerebrospinal fluid? What test is used to sample it? What diseases can be found by testing it? 18. What is more serious a concussion and a contusion and why? 19. What are the symptoms of quadraplegia and paraplegia? 20. Give an example of how the autonomic nervous system innervates the heart. What is an example of a stress disease and which division of the ANS is involved? 21. What brain waves are on an EEG? Which one occurs during deep sleep, light sleep? What are the effects of alcohol on brain waves and sleep patterns? (from the Web) 22. Why do we use cerebral angiograms? What are the dangers of their use? QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 10 1. What six electrolytes are found in plasma? List the functions of three of them. What substances present in plasma are needed for energy production in cells? 2. What is a hematocrit and what is a normal value for males, females? 3. What is the function of hemoglobin? What is it made of? How many molecules of oxygen can a red blood cell carry? What difference does a higher hemoglobin level in males make in aerobic sports? 4. What are the direct causes of anemia? Describe aplastic and iron deficiency anemias. 5. What is polycytemia and what are the causes of it? 6. List the different types of white blood cells and their functions? 7. What does a high white count mean? What is leukemia and what are its symptoms? What are the latest treatments for it (Web)? 8. What is erythropoietin and what is the stimulus for its production? Look up blood doping on the Web and describe what it is. Compare EPO with blood doping use by athletes? 9. What is a bone marrow transplant and when is it used? (from the Web) 10. What are stem cells and why are they so much in the news these days? What is your opinion about their use? You can refer to http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics or many other Websites for this information. 11. Describe the two types of undesirable clotting. Give an example of an effect by one of them on the circulatory system. What are the causes of undesirable clotting? 12. Why should you know your blood type? What are the four different types? What is Rh factor and why is it important? 1. What is pericarditis and why is it a problem? 2. Why are the coronary arteries so important? What is the difference in a blockage at the top or beginning of the artery as it leaves the aorta and one farther down near the capillaries? 3. What is angina pectoris and why do you need to pay attention to it if it occurs? What are other names for heart attack? 4. What is the pathway of depolarization (number 4)? Why is the SA node called the pacemaker? How many beats per minute does it generate? 5. What are the EKG waves and what do they represent? How is an EKG done (look at http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/electrocardiogram)? What is it used for? What is an exercise EKG stress test and why does it give us more valuable information than a resting EKG (http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/exercise-electrocardiogram) ? 6. When are some causes of tachycardia on an EKG? Describe a bundle branch block. What is the most dangerous arrythmia (from your book) that often occurs right before death? 7. At https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/healthcare-misc/v/heart-disease-and-heart-attacksthere there is a great lecture on heart attack and heart failure. Go through the material and write six questions and answer them. Think of yourself as the teacher and use questions that represent the material well (not too detailed or obscure and representing all of the material not just one part). I will choose several of your questions for the short answer essay portion of your next test!! With respect to heart attacks and heart failure I expect you to know how to diagnose each of them, their causes, treatments and how to prevent them. 8. Another treatment is Dr. Dean Ornish's diet, exercise and stress reduction treatment. Read about it by searching for Dr. Ornish on the WebMD site at http://my.webmd.com/. There are a lot of articles on his program. You can start with the article "Live Better, Feel Better" (page 2 of the search results) to better understand his work. Look up bypass surgery and angioplasty and describe them? What are the approximate costs of each? What is the cost of Dr. Ornish s treatment? Why are the surgical techniques more popular that the diet? 9. What is the purpose of the diastolic period of the heart beat? 10. What are the meaning of the term cardiac output and how would you measure cardiac output directly (use your imagination here)? What is a heart rate range and a common stroke volume? At maximum heart rate only stroke volume can increase (refer to http://www.howstuffworks.com/sports-physiology8.htm). What happens in an athletic (aerobically conditioned one) heart to cause the cardiac output to increase? How does heart muscle change when conditioned by aerobic exercise? Why do athletes have lower resting heart rates and lower sub-maximal heart rates? Why is taking your heart rate a good indicator of your fitness status? 11. What are the different structures and functions of arteries, capillaries, and veins? 12. Why do you have to lower blood pressure in capillaries? 13. Describe the muscular pump 14. What is the blood pressure test measuring? 15. What is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressures? What are normal values for each? 16. What are the two sounds heard when measuring blood pressure? What does each one indicate?