I need a one page essay written around statistics. This should be in APA format.

Critical Thinking: Distinguishing Between Statistical Significance and Effect Size This application essay will require students to critically consider the implications of the distinction between statistical significance and effect size, a distinction that can be overlooked by a focus on learning new computations. As the text introduced, effect size is calculated to provide an indication of the importance of an effect or treatment outcome that was shown to be statistically significant. However, many beginning statistics students fail to realize that simply because a statistical computation is statistically significant it does not necessarily indicate that this effect is important (e.g., that it will make a noticeable difference in one’s life). Granted, though judging whether an outcome is important is somewhat subjective, an effect size index provides a bit of evidence to support a judgment. The purpose of this exercise is to help students think critically about the distinction between these concepts because these concepts should guide student’s habits of thought in the future as students consider and make decisions about research. Consider the following hypothetical example. Suppose a clinical psychologist working at a veteran’s hospital has been treating patients for depression for over 30 years. During this time, he has consistently measured their levels of depression at the end of their treatment on a well-established, widely-used, valid, and reliable scale. He knows based on various research already published using this depression scale that most depressed patients score an average of 150 on the scale . He also knows that the scale is scored to indicate levels of the severity of a patient’s depression. Specifically, patients who score less than 125 tend to experience few depression symptoms, if any. Patients who score 126-141 tend to experience slight depression symptoms; those who score 142-157 experience moderate symptoms of depression, and those who score 158 or more tend to experience severe, prolonged depressive symptoms. Assuming his patients are a representative sample of the population, he compared his former clients’ scores (M = 147, SD = 35, N = 1180) at the end of their treatment to the scores of depressed patients in the general population. He wanted to use this information to support the effectiveness of his treatment and charge more for his services. Based on this information, write an essay that explains each of the following points. Use complete sentences and proper essay format. For example, do not number your responses as they are numbered below. Instead, integrate your explanations into an essay that includes a thesis statement and paragraphs organized by topic sentences for the items. Explanation of the Issues – Describe the problem this psychologist is addressing from all relevant perspectives to demonstrate thorough understanding of the issue (e.g., psychologist’s perspective, patients’ perspective, hospital staff’s perspective). Selection and Use of Evidence – Given the information in the problem, compute and report in APA style the appropriate statistical test to evaluate the psychologist’s hypothesis that patients who have been in his care are less depressed than those in the population. Then, calculate and report in APA style the effect size index for this test. Influence of Context and Assumptions – After reporting the results of the hypothesis test and the effect size computation, interpret the results both in terms of their statistical significance and in terms of the effect size index. Explain the distinction between these statistics and the need for both a hypothesis test to examine potential treatment effects and the need for an effect size calculation. Thoroughly explain the implications of each test as they pertain to the psychologist’s intention to request a pay raise. Student’s Position – Given the information available after explaining the issue, analyzing the evidence, and interpreting the data, each student should clearly state his/her own position regarding whether the psychologist should receive a pay increase. When writing their positon statements, students should assume that all individuals with a perspective relevant to the issue will read the response (e.g., the psychologist, his patients, the hospital staff). As such, the position statement should acknowledge all sides of the issue when presenting the decision. Conclusions and Related Outcomes – Each student should support his/her position by explaining how the position is logically related to all of the information available. Specifically, students should consider and explain the implications of each type of data considered (e.g., the implications of the treatment on patients’ lives in the context of population scores). And, to support their positions, students should clearly state the order of priority they have assigned to each type of data. Students’ conclusions should reflect this order of importance.