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I will message you the remaining questions when you completed this 10 questions, thank you.
User_24201 | Oct 29, 2019, 22:20 PM
Hello, you uploaded notes, where are the questions?
exclusivewriter | Oct 30, 2019, 01:13 AM
Please check every picture, thanks!
User_24201 | Oct 30, 2019, 01:16 AM
dear friend, you said its a multiple choices. I can see none of them
exclusivewriter | Oct 30, 2019, 01:20 AM
Where are the questions? Multiple choices comprises of questions where you should give answers as (A,B,C,D,E) or something like that. Your screenshots contains notes and that is fine. Please send me the questions to answer, else., give further guidance
exclusivewriter | Oct 30, 2019, 05:45 AM
They are there, I swear. Would you prefer me to send you an email of the passages and questions? If yes, please kindly let me know what your email address is, Thank you.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 11:52 AM
How else can you send me the work. Kindly send me through your mail. Share it with me
exclusivewriter | Oct 31, 2019, 17:35 PM
The questions starts at 22.PNG to 31.PNG.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 21:17 PM
They are the first 10 questions. 60 remaining.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 21:18 PM
The History of the Magazine Industry Advances in printing and in transportation, as well as postal discounts, propelled magazines into a major media industry in the 1800s. Content innovations like long-form journalism and photojournalism drew massive readerships. In recent times, competing media have eroded magazines' province on the innovations. Digital technology has cut into the audience and also advertising revenue. Scope of Magazine Industry 1 Early magazines were minor enterprises. The content was geared to classically educated and well-to-do elites. After the Civil War, however, several developments precipitated huge circulation growth, and an identifiable magazine industry took form. What happened? bullet New rotary presses from R. Hoe & Co. made possible larger press runs. bullet The growing national railroad system enabled wide distribution. bullet Congress created second-class postage rates that cut distribution costs dramatically.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 21:54 PM
With the economy of scale from larger press runs, the per-unit production costs fell. In 1883, S. S. McClure dropped the price of his general-interest McClure's to only 15 cents. Rival publisher Frank Munsey then lowered the price of his Munsey's to 10 cents. Magazines became a mass medium, the leading titles offering an array of articles to appeal to broad spectrums of readers. An identifiable magazine industry soon took form. Today about 17,800 magazines are published in the United States, although only 400 have circulations exceeding 100,000. Most have modest and tightly focused circulations, like employee magazines, college alumni magazines, and aficionado magazines. Even so, the industry is large with revenue of $40 billion a year. 4 The industry is concentrated. Fifty companies generate 70 percent of the revenue. Here are leading U.S. magazine publishing companies with some of their titles:
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 21:54 PM
Condé Nast: Allure, Architectural Digest, Bon Appetité, Bridal, Details, Glamour, Golf Digest, GQ, House & Garden, Lucky, New Yorker, Self, Vanity Fair, Vogue, W, Wired. bullet Hachette Filapacchi: Car & Driver, Cycle World, Elle, Road & Track, Women's Day. bullet Hearst: Cosmopolitan, Country Living, Esquire, Good Housekeeping, House Beautiful, Marie Claire, Popular Mechanics, Redbook, Seventeen, Town & Country, and O, the Oprah Magazine. bullet Meredith: American Baby, Better Homes & Gardens, Family Circle, Fitness, Ladies' Home Journal, Midwest Living, Parents, Traditional Home. bullet Primedia: Automobile, Car Craft, Home Theater, Horse & Rider, Hot Bike, Motor Trend, Motorcyclist, Power & Motoryacht, Sail, Snowboarder, Skateboarder, Soap Opera Digest, Stereophile.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 21:55 PM
Time Inc.: AllYou, Cooking Light, Entertainment, Essence, Fortune, Golf, Health, Inside People, Life, Money, People, Real Simple, Southern Living, Sports Illustrated, Sunset, This Old House, Time.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 21:55 PM
Magazine Innovations 5 Through their history, magazines have been innovators in media content. Other media then picked up on the innovations, which included long-form journalism. 6 Essays. Although many flashy magazines these days have shifted toward infotainment tidbits and treat serious issues only briefly, an enduring magazine tradition is articles of length and depth that cannot be boiled down to a few sentences. This tradition dates to Daniel Defoe. Although remembered mostly for his adventure tale Robinson Crusoe, Defoe was also a magazine pioneer. In 1704 he established an influential journal in London, Weekly Review, which carried essays. Defoe's Review had a nine-year run, establishing a role for magazines as a bridge between society's book-reading intelligentsia and a broad audience.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 21:55 PM
The Defoe tradition carries on in what are called highbrow slicks. These magazines, of which Atlantic and Harper's are examples, work at being at the cutting edge of thinking on political economic, social, artistic and cultural issues. The New Yorker prides itself on breaking ground on significant issues in articles that run as long as editors think necessary, some the length of a small book. Ideological magazines like the New Republic, Nation and National Review frequently are both partisan and cerebral.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 21:55 PM
Investigative Reporting. In the early 1900s, magazines honed muckraking, usually called investigative reporting today. Magazines ran lengthy explorations of abusive practices in government, business and other institutions in society. It was Theodore Roosevelt, the reform president, who coined the term muckraking. Roosevelt generally enjoyed investigative journalism, but one day in 1906, when the digging got too close to home, he likened it to the work of a character in a 17th century novel who focused so much on raking muck that he missed the good news. The president meant the term derisively, but it became a badge of honor among journalists.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 21:55 PM
Muckraking established magazines as a powerful medium in shaping public policy. In 1902 Ida Tarbell wrote a 19-part series on the Standard Oil monopoly for McClure's. As a result of Tarbell's reporting, the government broke up the monopoly. Lincoln Steffens detailed municipal corruption. Reforms followed. Other magazines picked up on the investigative thrusts. Collier's took on patent medicine frauds. Cosmopolitan, a leading muckraking journal of the period, tackled dishonesty in the U.S. Senate. Muckraking expanded into books with Upton Sinclair's The Jungle. In the novel, which only slightly veiled reality, Sinclair shocked the nation about filth in meat-packing plants. Federal inspection laws followed.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 21:56 PM
Personality Profiles. The in-depth personality profile was a magazine invention in the 1920s. Harold Ross of the New Yorker began pushing writers to a thoroughness that was new in journalism. In the 1950s the conversational Q & A was refined by Hugh Hefner at Playboy, adding cogent authenticity to long-form profiles. The exhaustive nature of lengthy Q & As like Playboy's can draw out people in ways that other journalistic forms do not. Most Playboy interviews are drawn from weeks, sometimes months, of face time, all recorded and then spliced into a coherent article running 7,000 words or more. Many political and religious leaders, scientists and other thinkers, celebrities too, covet the opportunity that long Q & As give them to expand and elaborate on what they have to say.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 21:56 PM
Photojournalism. Perhaps the most enduring innovation from the magazine industry is visuals. Brother Jonathan was a pioneer in the mid-1800s, but the illustrations were meager. Otherwise magazines were entirely word-driven. A breakthrough came in the Civil War when Harper's Weekly sent artists to draw battles, leading the way to journalism that goes beyond words. Today visuals are a core element in all mass media except radio. This will not change in the digital age: Visuals pixelate well.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 21:56 PM
A whole new world of documentary coverage was opened in 1936 when magazine entrepreneur Henry Luce launched Life and propelled photojournalism into new importance. The oversized weekly demonstrated that newsworthy events could be covered consistently by camera. Life captured the spirit of the times photographically and demonstrated that the whole range of humane experience could be recorded visually. Both real life and Life could be shocking. A 1938 Life photo essay on human birth was so shocking for the time that censors succeeded in banning the issue in 33 cities.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 21:56 PM
Challenges For Magazines 13 The U.S. magazine industry prospered in the 20th century. The number of magazines grew six-fold from 3,000 to 17,800, far faster than the population. Industry historian David Sumner has noted that although Time magazine co-founder Henry Luce coined the term The American Century, it could also be called The Magazine Century. Americans averaged less than half a magazine per month in 1920. By the end of the century, the average had tripled to 1.35. The U.S. magazine industry publishes three times as many magazines as any other country.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 21:56 PM
This was despite setbacks. Network television, for example, stole major advertisers from leading national magazines in the 1950s. Advertisers found the new networks more efficient at reaching potential customers. A case in point: A full-page in Life magazine ran $65,000 in 1970. In advertising lingo, that was $7.75 CPM, shorthand for cost per thousand, the M for the Roman numeral thousand. The network CPM was $3.60 for the same number of eyeballs. Life and other leading general-interest magazines like the Saturday Evening Post, Look and Collier's were soon out of business. Exceptions among general interests title were weekly newsmagazines like Time and Newsweek, which continued to prosper. So did shelter magazines, like Ladies' Home Journal and Better Homes & Gardens. And so did niche magazine, which offered special-interest readerships to advertisers for products with narrower appeals.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 21:57 PM
These days Life shows up only on news racks as an occasional photo-strong, commemorative, thematic edition. There also is a Life partnership with Getty Images at Life.com, making use of the millions of images from their combined collections available on the internet. Of course, the site is filled with advertisements as well as opportunities to make purchases from the Life Store. Not quite a magazine anymore, the site takes a new approach to photojournalism, using the latest technology to do so.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 21:57 PM
The magazine industry's shift toward niche audiences was called demassification. The niche audiences, although significant, were really submass audienceslong dash not the broader audiences that magazines like Life, with something for everyone, had cultivated. Some niches grew rapidly, especially new-breed celebrity and human-interest magazines like People. Launched in 1974, People today is the largest circulation U.S. weekly at 3.6 million.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 21:57 PM
Declining Magazine Circulation 17 When Jon Meacham, the editor at Newsweek, was invited to drop in at Columbia University to discuss magazines with a group of 100 grad students one day in 2008, he started by asking for a show of hands on how many read Newsweek. Nobody did. It was a telling moment. Two years later, with Newsweek losses passing $71 million, the magazine's long-time owner, the Washington Post Company, put the magazine up for sale. Finding no serious bidders, the magazine went for a token $1 to stereo-equipment tycoon Sidney Harman, who agreed to pick up the magazine's debts. What had happened at the once high-riding Newsweek? Meacham's explanation: The magazine had been caught in the same problems as almost all historically
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 21:57 PM
printbased periodicalslong dash advertising declines, competition from digital media, and an increasingly fragmented audience. "The task before us now is to find the right economic and digital means to meet our traditional ends while trying to discover a sustainable business model," he said.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 21:58 PM
A tally of almost 500 leading U.S. magazines found that newsstand sales fell 9 percent leading into 2010, after a 24 percent decline the year before. A slight uptick in 2011, propelled by subscription sales, was not exactly bright news: Subscriptions are less profitable because of heavy discounting. Worse, the magazine industry's primary revenue streamlong dash advertisinglong dashwas down about 26 percent as measured by ad pages.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 21:58 PM
The question is whether the magazine industry can survive with ink-on-paper products. One survival strategy has become: If you can't beat 'em, join 'em. Many traditional magazines have extended their presence online. The online environment however is already crowded, and these traditional magazines are trying to find a place in the frenzied internet array of sources for all kinds of information, amusement and enlightenment. The traditional strengths and distinguishing characteristic of magazines as a mass medium are no longer their exclusive province. The web is far more competitive than a newsstand.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 21:58 PM
Like newspapers, magazines historically have had two revenue streamslong dash direct sales to readers and advertising. While single-sale and subscription revenue make a dent in fixed business costs, it is advertising revenue that drives profits. Now, with circulation dropping, advertisers have shifted to alternate vehicles to carry their messages. With broader media choices for readers and advertisers than ever before, the magazine industry is in a shakeout. The bottom line: At what point do circulation and advertising revenue drop magazines below a level of sustainability?
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 21:58 PM
Web-Only Magazines 21 For most of the 1980s and 1990s the worst kept secret in Washington was who wrote the must-read column "TRB" in the leftist magazine the New Republic. The column was witty, insightful, thought-provokinglong dash and all Michael Kinsley. Although mostly associated with the New Republic, Kinsley was a magazine gadfly with editorships also at Harper's, Washington Monthly, the Economist, as well as editing the Los Angeles Times opinion section for a while and dueling intellectually with conservative columnist Pat Buchanan on the CNN political program Crossfire. He also took parts in three movies in the 1990s.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 21:58 PM
Slate. As home as Kinsley was with traditional media, he took an online plunge in 1996 with the Microsoft-funded Slate.com. Slate had been launched two years earlier, the first major online upstart of a magazine that didn't have ownership roots in the ink-on-paper magazine industry. 23 Under Kinsley, the Seattle-based Slate became known for the mini-columns "Explainer," "Chatterbox" and "Dear Prudence" as well as long-form journalism, usually an essay or project per week. In 1999 Kinsley was named Editor of the Year by Columbia Journalism Review for his work at Slate.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 21:58 PM
Although Slate made media history as a web-only magazine, its finances have been wobbly. From 1998 to 1999 it tried charging $20 for an annual subscription. When that didn't work, Slate went free again with an explanation that advertising revenue was improving. In the meantime, Microsoft sold the magazine to a Washington Post Company subsidiary that specializes in web-only magazines.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 21:58 PM
Salon. A rival to Slate is Salon, founded in 1995 in San Franciscolong dash also far from the U.S.magazine hub in New York City. Like Slate, Salon updates content daily with a focus on politics and current affairs and coverage and reviews on music, books and films. There is a leering, sassy tone. Editor David Talbot once described Salon as "a smart tabloid."
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 21:59 PM
The Salon formula has attracted a following, but, like Slate, its finances have been iffy. In 2001, almost broke, Salon introduced pay-to-view "premium content" but continued free access to most of the site. The magazine picked up 130,000 subscribers at $45 a year. But financial difficulties have been an ongoing issue, prompting ongoing pleas for donations.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 21:59 PM
Sponsored Web Magazines. Patrons keep some online magazines afloat. These sugar daddy-sponsored sites usually have a narrow bent, some ideological, which limits their broad appeal. Also, some sponsored online magazines are from zealots without deep pockets but who can create an internet presence without much investment.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 21:59 PM
Among the sponsored web magazines, appearing in 2010 was the shadowy Inspire that claims to be from the terrorist organization Al-Qaeda on the Arabian Peninsula. An early issue reprinted messages from Osama bin Laden and other terrorist leaders. One article, "Make a Bomb in the Kitchen of Your Mom," called for terror attacks in Britain and the United States. Suggestions included opening fire at a Washington, D.C. restaurant and using a pickup truck to mow down pedestrians.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 21:59 PM
Although in English, Inspire wasn't geared for a large mass audience. British and U.S. intelligence authorities saw Inspire as an attempt to recruit English-speaking Muslims into the Al-Qaeda cause. 30 The base of Inspire was Yemen. Intelligence experts believed the magazine to be mostly the work of Samir Khan, an American blogger who distributed terrorist propaganda online before moving to Yemen. He signed one article, "I Am Proud to be a Traitor to America," in the 74-page second issue of Inspire.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 21:59 PM
The cost of producing online magazines is relatively low if the content, as with Inspire, is from volunteers and is mostly regurgitated from elsewhere. The operating budget of Inspire was estimated at less than $5,000 an issue. Costs rise rapidly when content is original, as with Slate and Salon. The services of experienced journalists and commentators are not free.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 21:59 PM
Which type of detail is used in paragraph 24? A. statistics B. descriptions C. examples D. reasons
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 22:00 PM
Which magazine covered newsworthy events with photographs and helped launch photojournalism? A. Life B. Harper's Weekly C. Newsweek D. New Yorker
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 22:00 PM
What is the central point of the passage? A. Throughout the years, the magazine industry has undergone many transformations in response to the challenges it faced. B. Even though more than 17,000 magazines are published in the United States, most have only a small circulation. C. Many magazines have evolved to be web-only magazines, which are popular but not particularly profitable. D. Even with advances in technology, some print magazines continue to survive, especially those with a narrow audience.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 22:00 PM
Identify the main idea and major and minor details from paragraph 13. Category Statement ▼ The U.S. magazine industry prospered in the 20th century. ▼ Main idea Major detail Minor detail The number of magazines grew six-fold from 3,000 to 17,800, far faster than the population. ▼ Main idea Major detail Minor detail Industry historian David Sumner has noted that although Time magazine co-founder Henry Luce coined the term The American Century, it could also be called The Magazine Century. ▼ Minor detail Main idea Major detail Americans averaged less than half a magazine per month in 1920. ▼ Minor detail Major detail Main idea By the end of the century, the average had tripled to 1.35.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 22:01 PM
dentify the major and minor details from the paragraph 7. Main Idea: The Defoe tradition carries on in what are called highbrow slicks. ▼ Major detail Minor detail These magazines, of which Atlantic and Harper's are examples, work at being at the cutting edge of thinking on political, economic, social, artistic and cultural issues. ▼ Major detail Minor detail The New Yorker prides itself on breaking ground on significant issues in articles that run as long as editors think necessary, some the length of a small book. ▼ Minor detail Major detail Ideological magazines like the New Republic, Nation, and National Review frequently are both partisan and cerebral.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 22:01 PM
The Sumerians 1 Mesopotamian civilization pioneered basic forms of civilization, from an urban economy to writing. Frequent invasions contributed to distinctive religious belief and political systems. Early civilizations introduced many important changes in human life. Sumer's achievements illustrate the elements of civilization as a form of human organization. 2 Sumer, the first river valley civilization, used rivers but also feared them. Major floods occurred. Archeologists have found sites where one Sumerian city was built on top of an earlier one, separated by a layer of mud swept over in a flood. Mud tablets containing the first Sumerian "book" tell the story of how the gods decided to wipe out mankind with a flood. Only one man, with his family and animals, was saved. His name was not Noah, but Utnapishtim.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 22:01 PM
The first civilization arose in the northeastern section of what we now call the Middle East, along the great Tigris and Euphrates rivers that lead to the Persian Gulf. Between the northern hills and the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula, running from the eastern Mediterranean coast to the plains of the Tigris and Euphrates, lies a large swath of arable land called the Fertile Crescent. The rivers overflow their banks in the spring, depositing fertile soil when they recede. Rainfall is scant, so as population pressure increased as a result of early agriculture, farming communities began to find ways to tame and use the rivers through irrigation ditches. With the improved tools of the Bronze Age,
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 22:02 PM
developments in the region were swift. The fertile Tigrislong dash Euphrates region generated large food surpluses, promoting population growth and village expansion as well as increased trade and job specialization. The region was vulnerable in one respect: it was so flat that it was open to invasion.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 22:02 PM
The final boost toward establishing civilization was provided by the Sumerians, a people who had migrated into the area from the north about 4000 B.C.E. They settled in an area of about 700 square miles, where they mixed with other local people in a pattern that has remained characteristic of the region. The Sumerians early developed centers of religion, pilgrimage, and worship. Well before 3000 B.C.E., many of these centers boasted elaborately decorated temples built of mud brick. Sumerians were impressed with the power of grim gods who, they believed, ultimately controlled human destiny. It was the Sumerians who introduced the first writing system, capping the developments that created Mesopotamian civilization.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 22:02 PM
Sumerian Political and Social Organization Sumerian culture remained intact until about 2000 B.C.E. Its political organization was based on a series of tightly organized city-states in which an urban king, who claimed great authority, ruled the agricultural hinterland. In some cases, local councils advised the king. One of the functions of Sumerian city-states was to define boundaries, unlike the less formal territories of precivilized villages in the region. Each city-state helped regulate religion and enforce its duties. It also provided a system of courts for justice. Kings were warriors whose leadership of a trained army in defense and war remained vital in Sumerian politics, where fighting loomed large. Kings and priests controlled vast amounts of land. Slaves, who had been conquered in wars with nearby tribes, worked this land.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 22:02 PM
Sumerian political and social organization set up traditions that long endured in the region. City-state government established a tradition of regional rule, which sometimes yielded to larger empires but often returned as the principal organizational form. Many successor civilizations also relied on slave labor. The use of slaves and the lack of natural barriers to invasion help explain recurrent warfare, which was needed to supply labor in the form of captured slaves.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 22:02 PM
The Sumerians, aided by political stability and the use of writing, added to their region's economic prosperity. Farmers learned how to cultivate date trees, onions, and garlic. Oxen were used to pull plows, and donkeys carried goods. Wheeled carts helped transport goods. The Sumerians introduced the use of fertilizer and adopted silver as a means of exchange for buying and selling. Major cities expandedlong dash one city reached a population of over 70,000long dash with substantial housing units in rows of flat-roofed, mud-brick shops and apartments. More commonly, cities contained as many as 10,000 people. The Sumerians improved the potter's wheel, and the production of pottery expanded. Spurred by the increasing skill level and commercial importance of pottery, men
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 22:03 PM
began to take this trade away from women. The Sumerians also invented glass. Trade expanded to the lower Persian Gulf and to the western portion of the Middle East along the Mediterranean. By 2000 B.C.E., the Sumerians had trading contacts with India.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 22:03 PM
Sumerian Culture and Religion Writing, the most important invention between the advent of agriculture and the age of the steam engine, was introduced about 3500 B.C.E. The Sumerian invention of writing was probably rather sudden. It was based on new needs for commercial property and political records, including a celebration of the deeds of proud local kings. Writing was preceded by the invention of clay cylinder seals on which little pictures of objects could be recorded. The earliest Sumerian writing evolved from those pictures, baked on clay tablets, which were turned into symbols and gradually transformed into phonetic elements. The early Sumerian alphabet, a set of symbols representing sounds, may have had as many as 2000 symbols derived from the early pictures. Soon writers began to use more abstract symbols to represent sounds, which allowed the Sumerians to reduce the alphabet to about 300 symbols.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 22:04 PM
Sumerian writers used a wedge-shaped stick to impress the symbols on clay tablets. The resulting writing is called cuneiform (kyoo-NAY-uhform), meaning "wedge shaped," and it was used for several thousand years in the Middle East for many different languages. Cuneiform writing was difficult to learn, so specialized scribes monopolized it. The Sumerians believed that every object in nature should have a separate name to ensure its place in the universe; knowing the name gave a person some power over the object. Writing quickly took on religious purposes, allowing people to impose an abstract order over nature and the social world.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 22:05 PM
By about 2000 B.C.E., the Sumerians wrote down the world's oldest story, the Epic of Gilgamesh, which existed in oral form as early as the 7th millennium B.C.E. Gilgamesh, described as the ruler of a city-state, was the first hero in world literature. This was the epic that also described the great flood. The overall tone of the epic and of Sumerian culture (perhaps reflecting the region's often disastrous floods) was somber. Gilgamesh does great deeds but constantly bumps up against the iron laws of the gods, who ultimately control human destiny.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 22:05 PM
Along with early literature, Sumerian art and science developed steadily. Statues and painted frescoes adorned the temples of the gods, and statues of the gods decorated homes. Sumerians sought to learn more about the movement of the sun and stars, thus founding the science of astronomy. They also wanted to improve their mathematical knowledge. The Sumerian system of numbers, based on units of 12, 60, and 360, is the one we use today in calculations involving circles and hours. Sumerian charts of major constellations have been used for 5000 years in the Middle East and, through later imitation, in India and Europe. In other words, Sumerians and their successors in Mesopotamia created patterns of observation and abstract thought about nature on which many later societies, including our own, still rely.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 22:05 PM
Religion played a vital role in Sumerian culture and politics. Gods were associated with various forces of nature. At the same time, gods were seen as having human form and many of the more disagreeable human characteristics. Thus, the gods often quarreled and used their power in selfish and childish ways, which made interesting stories but also created a fear that the gods might make life difficult. The gloomy cast of Sumerian religion also included an afterlife of suffering, an original version of the concept of hell. Because
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 22:05 PM
gods were believed to regulate natural forces, such as flooding, in a region where nature was often harsh and unpredictable, they were more feared than loved. Priests' power derived from their responsibility for placating the gods through prayers, sacrifices, and magic. Priests became full-time specialists, running the temples and performing the astronomical calculations of the dates for normal flooding, which were needed to manage the irrigation systems.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 22:06 PM
Each city had a patron god and erected impressive shrines to honor this god and other deities. Massive towers, called ziggurats (ZIGuh- rat), formed the monumental architecture for this civilization. Prayers and offerings to prevent floods and protect good health were a vital part of Sumerian life. Animism (AH-nuh-mih-zum)long dash the idea that a divine force lay within natural objects such as rivers, trees, and mountainslong dash was common among agricultural peoples. Sumerians also developed specific religious beliefs about the creation of the earth by the gods from a chaos of water and about divine punishment through floods. These beliefs continue to influence Jewish, Christian, and Muslim cultures, all of which were born much later in the Middle East.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 22:06 PM
Sumerian activities in trade and war spread widely in the Middle East. Portions of the Gilgamesh tale appeared in later literature such as the Jewish Bible, which developed well to the west of Sumer. Even after Sumer itself collapsed, the Sumerian language was still used in religious schools and temples, showing the power of this early culture and its decidedly religious emphasis.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 22:06 PM
What Civilization Meant in Sumeria 15 Sumer's achievements illustrate the elements of civilization, one form of human organization. Some historians offer a bare-bones definition: civilizations had greater economic surpluses than other forms of society. This was certainly true of Sumer, which boasted a rich agriculture capable of supporting a minority of specialist workers plus priests and government officials.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 22:06 PM
The initial Mesopotamian civilization also can be used to flesh out a more elaborate definition, which other historians prefer. First, Sumerian civilization generated a clearly defined state, or government, replacing the much more loosely organized communities of previous agricultural societies. Second, civilization involved the creation of cities beyond scattered individual centers such as Jericho. The economy remained fundamentally agricultural, and at least 80 percent of all people still lived in the countryside (as was true in all civilizations until 200 years ago). But the cities were crucial in promoting trade, more specialized manufacture, and the exchange of ideas. At the same time, cities depended on a well-organized regional economy that could provide food for urban areas and on a government capable of running essential services such as a court system to handle disputes.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 22:06 PM
The Importance of Writing Writing was another important feature of Sumerian and most other civilizations. While sophisticated societies can develop without writing, the new communication system had various consequences. Societies with writing can organize more elaborate records, including the lists essential for effective taxation. Writing is a precondition for most formal bureaucracies, which depend on standardized communication and the ability to maintain documentation. Societies with writing can record data and build on past discoveries, thus producing a more elaborate intellectual life. For example, it is no accident that, with writing, an early civilization such as Mesopotamia began to generate more formal scientific knowledge.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 22:08 PM
Societies before the development of writing typically depended on poetic sagas to convey their value systems; the poetry was designed to aid in memorization. With writing, the importance of sagas such as the Gilgamesh epic continued, but the diversity of cultural expressions soon increased and other kinds of literature supplemented the long, rhymed epics.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 22:08 PM
Writing also promoted trade and manufacturing. Sumerian merchants used writing to communicate with their trading partners in places such as India. Written records helped preserve manufacturing knowledge. One of the first recorded uses of Sumerian writing was to transmit a beer recipe. 19 Writing also created new divisions within the population of early civilizations. Only a small minority of peoplelong dash priests, scribes, and a few merchantslong dash had time to master writing.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 22:09 PM
Which type of detail is used in paragraph 7? A. examples B. reasons C. descriptions D. statistics
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 22:09 PM
The Sumerians migrated from the north to the Tigris-Euphrates region in B.C.E. ▼ a. 2000 b. 3000 c. 4000 d. 5000
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 22:10 PM
What is the central point of the passage? A. Sumerian city-states had defined boundaries and were protected by kings who led trained armies. B. The Sumerians established a civilization by establishing city-states with elaborate temples made of mud brick. C. Many of the Sumerian's traditions, such as their establishment of regional governments, were maintained by future civilizations. D. The Sumerians, the first civilization in Mesopotamia, made many advances, including the invention of writing.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 22:10 PM
Identify the main idea and major and minor details from paragraph 16. ( ) The initial Mesopotamian civilization also can be used to flesh out a more elaborate definition, which other historians prefer. ( ) First, Sumerian civilization generated a clearly defined state, or government, replacing the much more loosely organized communities of previous agricultural societies. ( ) Second, civilization involved the creation of cities beyond scattered individual centers such as Jericho. ( ) The economy remained fundamentally agricultural, and at least 80 percent of all people still lived in the countryside (as was true in all civilizations until 200 years ago). ( ) But the cities were crucial in promoting trade, more specialized manufacture, and the exchange of ideas.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 22:12 PM
Identify the major and minor details from paragraph 17. Main Idea: Writing was another important feature of Sumerian and most other civilizations. () While sophisticated societies can develop without writing, the new communication system had various consequences. () Societies with writing can organize more elaborate records, including the lists essential for effective taxation. () Writing is a precondition for most formal bureaucracies, which depend on standardized communication and the ability to maintain documentation. () Societies with writing can record data and build on past discoveries, thus producing a more elaborate intellectual life.
User_24201 | Oct 31, 2019, 22:13 PM
Hello, are you still there? do you still want to do this homework? please let me know. don't just ignore my messages because due date is coming up.
User_24201 | Nov 05, 2019, 14:32 PM
I have just been wondering, where are the questions? You said this are multiple choices questions? I clearly don't see questions to answer. You sent me notes
exclusivewriter | Nov 05, 2019, 15:12 PM
You need to read the passage first and then after that you will see the questions, you should be able to see the questions if you red all of my messages.
User_24201 | Nov 05, 2019, 15:23 PM
Which type of detail is used in paragraph 24? A. statistics B. descriptions C. examples D. reasons This is the question #1
User_24201 | Nov 05, 2019, 15:24 PM
Okay
exclusivewriter | Nov 05, 2019, 15:25 PM
So, are you still gonna do it?
User_24201 | Nov 05, 2019, 15:30 PM
Yes I will
exclusivewriter | Nov 05, 2019, 15:31 PM
Thank you.
User_24201 | Nov 05, 2019, 15:32 PM

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