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I. Multiple Choice-pick best answer 1. Rabies and Leptospirosis are A Bacterial diseases B Viral and bacterial diseases C Zoonoses D B and C 2. The prokaryote cell is unlike the eukaryote cell in usually having A. 70s ribosomes and circular DNA B. Double- stranded DNA and a similar genetic code C. Linear DNA, 80S ribosomes and no histones D. Circular DNA ,70s ribosomes and over 50% nonsense DNA 3. Classic opportunists do include A Candia spp B. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Clostridium difficle C. Cow pox D. A and B 4. Fungi as a group can have the following A. Chitin ,ergosterol in plasma membrane, hyphae, spores ,extracellular enzymes , including chitinase, ligninase and cellulase B. Hyphae , mycelium, buds, ergosterol , chitin, cytoskeletons, nuclei, dikaryons, plasmids C. Ergosterol ,chitin , asexual spores, sexual spores, buds, 80s ribosomes, dikaryons D. All of the above 5.Synercid could best be described as A. An agonistic combination of two newer antibiotics B. An antibiotic that is usually used in treating urinary tract infections C. An antibiotic that interferes folic acid synthesis in bacteria D. All of the above 6. Leeuwenhoek was known for A.First to see bacteria B. Pond water drawings of 1676 C. Father of microbiology D All of the above 7. Paul Ehrlich is called the father of chemotherapy partially because of A. Salvarsan B\Theories of immunity C. His treatment for syphylis D. A and C 8. The firmicutes include A. Mycobacteria B. Staphylococcus spp and Clostridia spp. C. Pseudomonas spp D A and B 9. PEA agar could be used in partially determining A. Presence of acid fast bacteria B. Presence of Bacillus C. Presence of gram positive bacteria D B and C 10. The following probably would not grow in EMB agar A. Pseudomonas spp. B. Staphylococcus aureus C. E. Coli D.All of the above 11.The normal microbiota of the mouth could include A. Pophyromonas spp B. Prevotella spp. C. Steptococcus mutans D All of the above 12. The diphtheria antitoxin can be categorized as A. An example of lysogenic conversion B. A protein-inhibiting toxin C. an AB toxin D. All of the above 13. The natural killer cells help defend the body by killing altered self and cancer cells with A. NO B. Lysozyme C. Granzymes D. All of the above 14. Treatments for disseminated cysticercosis could include A. IV Bactrim B. Amphotericin B C. Albendazole D A and B 15. Nitrogen fixing organisms include A. Azotomonas B. Rhizobium C. Cyanobacteria D. All of the above 16. The highest infective dose is found in A. 50 some skin diseases, like anthrax B. 1 in Rhinoviridae C. I in some parasite eggs D. Vibrio cholerae 17. Examples of animal parasitism would include A Echinococcus granulosus B. Ascaris lumbricoides C Sarcoptes scabeii D. All of the above 18. Examples of an anaerobic gram positive endospore producing bacteria include A. Clostridum tetani B. Bacillus anthracis C. Bacillus megatherium D. B and C 19. The following are not acid fast A. Mycoplasma spp. B. Causative agent dengue C. Causative agent of Buruli ulcer D. All of the above 20. Signs of chronic Lyme disease could include A. Flu-like symptoms B. Diarrhea C. Neuropathy D Bull-eye rash 21. The following are respiratory diseases A. Paragonimiasis B. Bubonic plague C Pulmonary anthrax D.A and C 22. The following are ways that gram positive bacteria can exchange genetic information A. Conjugation B. sticky coat C. Sex pili D. A and B 23. The following is true about protozoal DNA A. It is double stranded and is linear with histone proteins B. It is double stranded, is found in nucleus and usually has less than 10,000 genes C. It is usually double stranded, does not usually have histones and is found in the nucleus D. A and B 24. The best medium for growing fungi would be A. Sabauroud’s B. EMB C. Mackonkey’s agar D. B and C 25 Retroviruses may have at some time the following: A. RNA , envelopes, reverse transcriptase, proteases, DNA, capsids, tRNAs of host B. Capsids, RNA, DNA, glycoprotein spikes, envelopes C. Genetic material, envelopes, capsids, reverse transcriptase, porins, D. a and B II. True or False 1. There are at present vaccines for Haemophilus influnezae, anthrax, yellow fever, cholera, hep B , plague, small pox ,bacterial menigitis, typhoid , and measles 2. Bacillus anthracis is a gram positive ,anerobic, endospore producing rod- shaped bacterium that is highly pathogenic 3. Anopheles spp. are vectors for yellow fever, dengue, elephantiasis, and Zika 4. The prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis presently is about 2 billion people 5. Enterobiasis presently afflicts about 200 million people and the parasite is called the hook worm 6. Peptidoglycan is found in the archea and in some bacteria like mycoplasms and Chlamydias 7. Penicillin and its semisynthetic derivatives like ampicillin, interfere with cross bridges of peptidoglycan are thus are bacteriostatic and bactericidal 8. Dengue is a disease carried by mosquitoes and can cause encephalitis, meningitis, meningoencephalitis, especially in elderly it also has greatly impacted most bird populations in many areas of eastern North America 9. Malaria is probably the greatest microbial disease in the history of the human race do to its mortality rate and steady prevalence over millenia 10. E. coli forms black to metallic green colonies on EMB agar 11.Elephantiasis can be a complication of infection with microfilarial worms in the genus Wuchereria and Brugia, although it can have genetic or environmental causes 12. Ebola is killing lowland gorillas at an alarming rate, and is still a danger to the human race 13. Hanta virus and Lassa fever are associated with bird droppings 14. Rubeola is one of the TORCH diseases 15. Hilleman is considered the most prolific vaccine developer in history. 16. Rhizospirilum bacteria form a symbiotic relationship with lupines and other legumes 17. Schistosoma haematobium lives in veins that drain the large intestine 18. Phagocytosis does occur in prokaryotes as far as we know. 19. Prions are usually destroyed by autoclaving and most disinfectants 20. GSS, Kuru, mad cow, Creuztfelt Jakob, scrapie, chromic wasting diseases and fatal familial insomnia are prion diseases 21. Antibiotics are often made in the lag phase of growth of bacteria. 22. The prodromal period corresponds to the early lag phase of growth in bacteria 23. Heat shock, electroporation . and calcium salts are used to help bacteria take up foreign DNA 24. The autoclave parameters are 121 degrees C , 15psi at 15 minutes and can not be altered 25. Mycobacteria are usually harder to kill than negative positive bacteria on environmental surfaces 26. A bacterial endospore has proteins , calcium ,keratin dipicholinic acid and almost no water and a mini-cell about .1 microns in diameter. 27. The following could occur in bacterial plasmids : resistance genes and genes for toxin production 28. Several known viruses like, the Mimivirus, and Pandora virus have more genes than Mycoplasms 29 RNA polymerase of bacteria does have proof reading ability, not equal to DNA polymerase, however RNA polymerases of many viruses can not proof read-thus these viruses usually mutate more than DNA viruses. 30. The outer membrane of gram negative bacteria has highly antigenic lipid A which can cause a septic shock that kills hundreds of thousands of people in US every year 31. The capsule of bacteria is not always made of carbohydrates. 32. Axial filaments are found in Borrelia , and Treponema, Brucella, Nocardia and Leptospira species 33. Cyanobacteria, today, are usually oxygenic phototrophs many of which can fix atmospheric nitrogen 34. T even bacteriophages do not need to undergo uncoating in host cell because of their injection mechanism 35 Phage therapy has been tried before, at least twice, D”Herrelle and the Russians and still being used in Russia. 36 St Vitus’s dance is a sequela to streptococcal infections that temporarily damages the basal ganglia 37. Mycobacterium avium may live in your shower curtain and can cause serious disease in the HIV patient 38 Bartonella bacillliformis was main reason for increasing the original temperature for pasteurizing milk 39. Candida is an opportunistic dimorphic bacterium and can cause both oral, skin and intestinal infections 40. Marburg, Ebola , Hanta virus, Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, and Lassa fever are not vector borne diseases 41. Isoniazid , pyrazinamide, streptomycin, ethambutol would probably be effective in treating TB if used in combinations and for a prolonged period of time 42. Dengue fever, Plasmodium spp, West Nile, Chichungunya, and yellow fever are carried by Aedes spp 43.Cat scratch fever is often mild to moderate disease, but can be very serious , especially in children , there are about 125,000 of cases every year in US 44. Water and moist soil are reservoirs for the hookworms, Necator americanus ,Ancylostoma duodenale , also Strongyloides stercoralis and Trichiuris spp 45. Amphotericin B is an example of selective toxicity 46. Metronidazole can be used for Entamoeba histolytica and Clostridium difficle , and Giardia, although tinidazole may be a better choice in some cases. 47. Disinfectants and antiseptics are not designed to eliminate microbial populations on surfaces. 48. Pasteur may deserve credit for saving the French wine, chicken, and silk industry. 49. Koch tried to make a vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and ended up with what would become the tuberculin test