A literature review is commonly used to review current research (within the past three to four years) in a specific topic area. Literature Review Development Part 2: Using the South University online library database (PROQUEST), find two more peer-reviewed journal articles related to your topic. Content from your textbooks, Wikipedia, or any other web sources will not be accepted in this assignment. Write a short (1–2 paragraphs) summary for each article. Write a brief (1–2 paragraphs) analysis and evaluation for each article. Use correct spelling, grammar, and professional vocabulary. Create your literature review in a Microsoft Word document. On a separate page, cite any sources using the APA format article one The figures on the country's adolescent pregnancies are spellbinding. A total of 28,600 girls could not complete their education due to pregnancies from 2004 to 2008, according to the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training. A large percentage of women aged between 15-19 years are mothers or pregnant with their first child. Teenage childbearing ranges by zone as the national average stands at 23 percent, the Western zone lead with 30 percent as the Lake zone stands at 29 percent while the Southern zone hit at 26 percent. In the Southern Highlands zone teenage pregnancies thump to 21 percent, Central 20, Eastern 18 and while the Northern zone stands at 16. There are 1.2 billion young people aging between 10 and 19. This makes almost onefifth of the world's population counted as defendant age group. Tanzania with a growth rate of 2.9 percent annually, adolescents stands at 44 percent of its population. Most of the young people are adolescents, a period of life that starts at puberty and ends at the culturally determined entrance to adulthood in social maturity and economic independence. While adolescence is generally a healthy period of life, many young people face a number of reproductive health challenges to support for a better choice for their future. As a matter of fact, Tanzania has one of the highest adolescent pregnancy rates in the world affecting the girls' health, education, future employment and reaching their full potential in life. In recent years the number of girl students dropping out of schools in the country has been increasing at an alarming rate. The Planning Commission Executive Secretary, Dr. Philip Mpango accepts the view that controlling population growth would ultimately make the economy grow as there would be easy to distribute resources in a relatively small population. Dr. Mpango however notes that many of the contemporary family planning methods were not acceptable in many societies due to cultural beliefs. He says that girls should stay longer in schools including tertiary institutions as a way of reducing the number of births per woman. Childhood mortality has decreased over the past 15 years. Current infant mortality rate is 51 deaths per 1,000 live births and under-five mortality rate is 81 deaths per 1,000 live births. Under-five mortality ranges by zone; from 58 in the Northern zone to 109 in the Lake zone and a major risk factor for infant mortality is a birth interval of less than two years. Maternal mortality ratio is 454 deaths per 100,000 live births. Maternal factors associated with high risk of childhood mortality are considerate as children who are at an elevated risk of dying if too short birth interval, less than 24 months after a previous birth. Maternal mortality includes all deaths that occur to women during pregnancy, during birth, and up to 2 months after birth or the end of the pregnancy while adolescent pregnancy is accounted as a fact of mother to be too young under the age of 18 years. The Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) 2010, states that the current Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is 5.4 children per woman and women have their first birth at a median age of 19.5 years. The survey reveals that 23 percent of teenagers begin childbearing and seven in ten currently married women either wants no more children or want to wait at least 2 years before their next child as 25 percent of them have an unmet need for family planning. The TDHS 2010 report discloses that there is a great connection on childhood mortality in mother's education status as ones without education scores 63 percent in infant mortality and to under five death stands at 97 percent. Mothers who don't complete primary education keep count 67 percent in infant mortality and to under five death stands at 100 percent whilst to whom complete primary education strike 58 percent in infant mortality as to under five death stands at 90 percent. Infant mortality to mothers with secondary or higher education drops to 52 percent where the under-five death plunk at 73 percent. The report links childhood mortality by mother's education to their wealth status showing the lowest wealth keep a tally to 61 percent in infant mortality and to under five death situate at 103 percent. As the second class wealth mothers scores 59 percent at infant mortality in the under-five death locates at 92 percent, to the middle wealth stands constant to 59 percent at infant mortality while to under five death decelerates to 91percent. In the fourth in wealth mothers get 60 percent in infant mortality with the under-five death chart stuck at 88 percent, the situation accelerates to the highest in wealth mothers who scores 63 percent in infant mortality and to under five death stands at 84 percent. Deaths per 1,000 live births for the 10 year period before the survey highlighted under five mortality varies by zones as the Lake Zone hit 109 percent followed by the Southern Highlands which has 102 percent. As the Western Zone stand at 98 percent of under-five mortalities, the two zones of Eastern and Southern match in position at 94 percent compared to 84 percent in the Central Zone while the Northern has a lowest as 58 percent deaths per 1,000 live births. The basis on early pregnancies and gender equality is that teen pregnancies continue to cause serious health, social and economic problems on girls and it accounts for up to 40 percent maternal deaths in sub -African countries. Save the Children report on State of the World's Mothers 2004: Children Having Children, stated that early marriages pressures young brides to begin having children early while early childbearing poses serious health risks. Maternal death rates for young women ages 15 to 19 are twice as high as for older women, and research suggests that girls ages 10 to 14 are five times more likely to die of maternal causes than women ages 20 to 24. If adolescents had number of pregnancies they don't want they intent to commit abortion which is illegal and that force them to do unsafe abortion which treats their lives as a result it boost the maternal mortality. Birth control is an umbrella term for several techniques and methods used to prevent conception. Birth control techniques and methods include contraception, the prevention of fertilization, contraception and abortion which is the removal or expulsion of a fetus or embryo from the uterus which according to Tanzanian law is illegal. This article is a contribution by Advance Family Planning (AFP), a coalition of 10 local Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) advocating for family planning access to Tanzania. The project's thrust is to contribute towards strengthening investments in family planning as a way towards attaining national and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 4 and 5 in Acceleration of the Reduction of Maternal, Newborn and Child Mortality. article two 010 DEC 25 - (NewsRx.com) -- ANN ARBOR, Mich. - The cocktail of hormones cascading through depressed mothers' bodies may play an important role in the development of their unborn children's brains. A higher level of depression in mothers during pregnancy was associated with higher levels of stress hormones in their children at birth, as well as with other neurological and behavioral differences, a University of Michigan-led study found. `The two possibilities are that they are either more sensitive to stress and respond more vigorously to it, or that they are less able to shut down their stress response,` says the study's lead investigator, Delia M. Vazquez, M.D., a professor of psychiatry and pediatrics at the University of Michigan Medical School. The analysis, which appears online ahead of print publication in Infant Behavior and Development, examined links between maternal depression and the development of an infants' neuroendocrine system, which controls the body's stress response, as well as moods and emotions. At two weeks old, researchers found that the children of depressed mothers had decreased muscle tone compared to those born to mothers who weren't depressed, yet they adjusted more quickly to stimuli like a bell, rattle or light - a sign of neurological maturity. `It's difficult to say to what extent these differences are good or bad, or what impact they might have over a longer time frame,` says the study's lead author, Sheila Marcus, M.D., Clinical Director of U-M's Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Section. `We're just beginning to look at these differences as part of a whole collection of data points that could be risk markers. These in turn would identify women who need attention during pregnancy or mother/infant pairs who might benefit from postpartum programs known to support healthy infant development through mom/baby relationships.` The longer-term question for researchers is the degree to which the hormonal environment in the uterus may act as a catalyst for processes that alter infant gene expression, neuroendocrine development and brain circuitry - potentially setting the stage for increased risk for later behavioral and psychological disorders. While cautioning against alarm, the researchers recommended that mothers experiencing symptoms of depression during pregnancy talk to a therapist. They also noted that interventions aimed and mother-child bonding after birth can act as countermeasures, stimulating children's neurological development and lowering the possible effects of stress hormone production early in life. Post-partum depression is one of the most common complications of pregnancy and up to one in five women may experience symptoms of depression during pregnancy. Along with tracking the mothers' depressive symptoms throughout gestation, U-M researchers took samples of umbilical cord blood right after birth. They found elevated levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in babies born to mothers with depression. ACTH tells the adrenal gland to produce the stress hormone cortisol. Cortisol levels, however, were similar in children of mothers with varying levels of depression, likely an indication of the high level of stress associated with the birth itself, the researchers note. The impact of mothers' depression on fetuses and newborns has generated a considerable amount of research in recent years. Previous studies have shown that babies born to women with severe depression may be more likely to be born prematurely or underweight, have diminished hand-to-mouth coordination and be less cuddly. Methodology: The study was done on a population of 154 pregnant women, who were over the age of 20, had no plans to move in the 2-year study period, no adoption plans, no chronic medical conditions or medications that would impact the study, no substance abuse issues, no editing disorders and no bipolar illness. The mothers' depressive symptoms were assessed at 28, 32 and 37 weeks of gestation and again at birth. From their scores, the women were placed into three groups: low, intermediate and high depression. Blood samples were taken from the infants' umbilical cords at birth to measure ACTH and cortisol levels. At two weeks, the infants were given a neurobehavioral evaluation that assessed items like response to stimuli, motor skills and response to stress. Statistical analyses were then done to look for patterns within and among the groups. Keywords: Depression, Hormones, Mental Health, Obstetrics, Pediatrics, Pregnancy, Psychiatry, Psychological, University of Michigan Health System, Women's Health.

A literature review is commonly used to review current research (within the past three to four years) in a specific topic area.

Literature Review Development Part 2:

Using the South University online library database (PROQUEST), find two more peer-reviewed journal articles related to your topic. Content from your textbooks, Wikipedia, or any other web sources will not be accepted in this assignment.

Write a short (1–2 paragraphs) summary for each article.

Write a brief (1–2 paragraphs) analysis and evaluation for each article.

Use correct spelling, grammar, and professional vocabulary.
Create your literature review in a Microsoft Word document.

On a separate page, cite any sources using the APA format

article one

The figures on the country's adolescent pregnancies are spellbinding.

A total of 28,600 girls could not complete their education due to pregnancies from 2004 to 2008, according to the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training. A large percentage of women aged between 15-19 years are mothers or pregnant with their first child.

Teenage childbearing ranges by zone as the national average stands at 23 percent, the Western zone lead with 30 percent as the Lake zone stands at 29 percent while the Southern zone hit at 26 percent. In the Southern Highlands zone teenage pregnancies thump to 21 percent, Central 20, Eastern 18 and while the Northern zone stands at 16.

There are 1.2 billion young people aging between 10 and 19. This makes almost onefifth of the world's population counted as defendant age group. Tanzania with a growth rate of 2.9 percent annually, adolescents stands at 44 percent of its population. Most of the young people are adolescents, a period of life that starts at puberty and ends at the culturally determined entrance to adulthood in social maturity and economic independence.

While adolescence is generally a healthy period of life, many young people face a number of reproductive health challenges to support for a better choice for their future. As a matter of fact, Tanzania has one of the highest adolescent pregnancy rates in the world affecting the girls' health, education, future employment and reaching their full potential in life. In recent years the number of girl students dropping out of schools in the country has been increasing at an alarming rate.

The Planning Commission Executive Secretary, Dr. Philip Mpango accepts the view that controlling population growth would ultimately make the economy grow as there would be easy to distribute resources in a relatively small population. Dr. Mpango however notes that many of the contemporary family planning methods were not acceptable in many societies due to cultural beliefs.

He says that girls should stay longer in schools including tertiary institutions as a way of reducing the number of births per woman. Childhood mortality has decreased over the past 15 years. Current infant mortality rate is 51 deaths per 1,000 live births and under-five mortality rate is 81 deaths per 1,000 live births. Under-five mortality ranges by zone; from 58 in the Northern zone to 109 in the Lake zone and a major risk factor for infant mortality is a birth interval of less than two years.

Maternal mortality ratio is 454 deaths per 100,000 live births. Maternal factors associated with high risk of childhood mortality are considerate as children who are at an elevated risk of dying if too short birth interval, less than 24 months after a previous birth.

Maternal mortality includes all deaths that occur to women during pregnancy, during birth, and up to 2 months after birth or the end of the pregnancy while adolescent pregnancy is accounted as a fact of mother to be too young under the age of 18 years. The Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) 2010, states that the current Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is 5.4 children per woman and women have their first birth at a median age of 19.5 years.

The survey reveals that 23 percent of teenagers begin childbearing and seven in ten currently married women either

wants no more children or want to wait at least 2 years before their next child as 25 percent of them have an unmet need for family planning. The TDHS 2010 report discloses that there is a great connection on childhood mortality in mother's education status as ones without education scores 63 percent in infant mortality and to under five death stands at 97 percent.

Mothers who don't complete primary education keep count 67 percent in infant mortality and to under five death stands at 100 percent whilst to whom complete primary education strike 58 percent in infant mortality as to under five death stands at 90 percent. Infant mortality to mothers with secondary or higher education drops to 52 percent where the under-five death plunk at 73 percent.

The report links childhood mortality by mother's education to their wealth status showing the lowest wealth keep a tally to 61 percent in infant mortality and to under five death situate at 103 percent. As the second class wealth mothers scores 59 percent at infant mortality in the under-five death locates at 92 percent, to the middle wealth stands constant to 59 percent at infant mortality while to under five death decelerates to 91percent.

In the fourth in wealth mothers get 60 percent in infant mortality with the under-five death chart stuck at 88 percent, the situation accelerates to the highest in wealth mothers who scores 63 percent in infant mortality and to under five death stands at 84 percent. Deaths per 1,000 live births for the 10 year period before the survey highlighted under five mortality varies by zones as the Lake Zone hit 109 percent followed by the Southern Highlands which has 102 percent.

As the Western Zone stand at 98 percent of under-five mortalities, the two zones of Eastern and Southern match in position at 94 percent compared to 84 percent in the Central Zone while the Northern has a lowest as 58 percent deaths per 1,000 live births. The basis on early pregnancies and gender equality is that teen pregnancies continue to cause serious health, social and economic problems on girls and it accounts for up to 40 percent maternal deaths in sub -African countries.

Save the Children report on State of the World's Mothers 2004: Children Having Children, stated that early marriages pressures young brides to begin having children early while early childbearing poses serious health risks. Maternal death rates for young women ages 15 to 19 are twice as high as for older women, and research suggests that girls ages 10 to 14 are five times more likely to die of maternal causes than women ages 20 to 24.

If adolescents had number of pregnancies they don't want they intent to commit abortion which is illegal and that force them to do unsafe abortion which treats their lives as a result it boost the maternal mortality. Birth control is an umbrella term for several techniques and methods used to prevent conception. Birth control techniques and methods include contraception, the prevention of fertilization, contraception and abortion which is the removal or expulsion of a fetus or embryo from the uterus which according to Tanzanian law is illegal.

This article is a contribution by Advance Family Planning (AFP), a coalition of 10 local Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) advocating for family planning access to Tanzania. The project's thrust is to contribute towards strengthening investments in family planning as a way towards attaining national and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 4 and 5 in Acceleration of the Reduction of Maternal, Newborn and Child Mortality.

article two

010 DEC 25 - (NewsRx.com) -- ANN ARBOR, Mich. - The cocktail of hormones cascading through depressed mothers' bodies may play an important role in the development of their unborn children's brains.

A higher level of depression in mothers during pregnancy was associated with higher levels of stress hormones in their children at birth, as well as with other neurological and behavioral differences, a University of Michigan-led study found.

`The two possibilities are that they are either more sensitive to stress and respond more vigorously to it, or that they are less able to shut down their stress response,` says the study's lead investigator, Delia M. Vazquez, M.D., a professor of psychiatry and pediatrics at the University of Michigan Medical School.

The analysis, which appears online ahead of print publication in Infant Behavior and Development, examined links between maternal depression and the development of an infants' neuroendocrine system, which controls the body's stress response, as well as moods and emotions.

At two weeks old, researchers found that the children of depressed mothers had decreased muscle tone compared to those born to mothers who weren't depressed, yet they adjusted more quickly to stimuli like a bell, rattle or light - a sign of neurological maturity.

`It's difficult to say to what extent these differences are good or bad, or what impact they might have over a longer time frame,` says the study's lead author, Sheila Marcus, M.D., Clinical Director of U-M's Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Section.

`We're just beginning to look at these differences as part of a whole collection of data points that could be risk markers. These in turn would identify women who need attention during pregnancy or mother/infant pairs who might benefit from postpartum programs known to support healthy infant development through mom/baby relationships.`

The longer-term question for researchers is the degree to which the hormonal environment in the uterus may act as a catalyst for processes that alter infant gene expression, neuroendocrine development and brain circuitry - potentially setting the stage for increased risk for later behavioral and psychological disorders.

While cautioning against alarm, the researchers recommended that mothers experiencing symptoms of depression during pregnancy talk to a therapist. They also noted that interventions aimed and mother-child bonding after birth can act as countermeasures, stimulating children's neurological development and lowering the possible effects of stress hormone production early in life.

Post-partum depression is one of the most common complications of pregnancy and up to one in five women may experience symptoms of depression during pregnancy.

Along with tracking the mothers' depressive symptoms throughout gestation, U-M researchers took samples of umbilical cord blood right after birth. They found elevated levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in babies born to mothers with depression. ACTH tells the adrenal gland to produce the stress hormone cortisol. Cortisol levels, however, were similar in children of mothers with varying levels of depression, likely an indication of the high level of stress associated with the birth itself, the researchers note.

The impact of mothers' depression on fetuses and newborns has generated a considerable amount of research in recent years. Previous studies have shown that babies born to women with severe depression may be more likely to be born prematurely or underweight, have diminished hand-to-mouth coordination and be less cuddly.

Methodology: The study was done on a population of 154 pregnant women, who were over the age of 20, had no plans to move in the 2-year study period, no adoption plans, no chronic medical conditions or medications that would impact the study, no substance abuse issues, no editing disorders and no bipolar illness. The mothers' depressive symptoms were assessed at 28, 32 and 37 weeks of gestation and again at birth. From their scores, the women were placed into three groups: low, intermediate and high depression. Blood samples were taken from the infants' umbilical cords at birth to measure ACTH and cortisol levels. At two weeks, the infants were given a neurobehavioral evaluation that assessed items like response to stimuli, motor skills and response to stress. Statistical analyses were then done to look for patterns within and among the groups.

Keywords: Depression, Hormones, Mental Health, Obstetrics, Pediatrics, Pregnancy, Psychiatry, Psychological, University of Michigan Health System, Women's Health.