science

Instructions THE IMMUNE SYSTEM LAB The job of the immune system is to keep you healthy. When you have a healthy lifestyle, you make it possible for your immune system to do its job well. Sometimes however it is disabled by simple things like a lack of sleep and/or poor nutrition or by a disease such as AID's. Sometimes we try to strengthen it by the use of vaccines or trick it into attacking cancer cells or not attacking your own cells (in the case of autoimmune diseases). Some of you are blessed with a strong immune system and others are not. If you have a strong system, you can afford to abuse it more and still have it work for you!! In this lab we will explore some information about AID's and vaccines, two of the hotter topics in this chapter. You will also be asked to spend some time exploring Websites in order to determine if the information on them is reliable. Reliability of a Website and quackery are not the same thing but may be related and you will be looking at them both in this assignment. 1. On the topic of quackery, Dr. Barrett's site called quackwatch.com is amazing. Explore it at http://www.quackwatch.com . Most of the Webpages below are from this site. Read one of the articles under "Quackery" (not Science versus Pseudoscience) and summarize it. 2. Read the article "Distinguishing Science from Pseudoscience" http://www.quackwatch.com/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/pseudo.html . Summarize the article and what you find to be the most interesting part of it. 3. Read the article on AID's at http://www.quackwatch.com/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/aids.html and summarize the article. What is the most interesting part of the article to you? 4. Also visit another site of your choice to find out the answers to the following questions. Cite the URL that you use. Wikipedia would be ok. Difference Between HIV & AIDS HIV Transmission HIV Testing HIV/AIDS Symptoms HIV/AIDS Treatment 5. Searching on the Web find an interesting article about AID's/HIV in another part of the World besides the US. Put the URL here and summarize the article briefly. 6. Read the article about "Misconceptions about Immunizations" at http://www.quackwatch.com/03HealthPromotion/immu/immu00.html . Read the misconceptions particularly numbers 4, 5, 9 and 10. Summarize the information given in two of these numbers. 7. Pick one of the "controversial" vaccines (immunizations) and find one Website that you believe to be reliable information on the topic and one that you believe to be unreliable. Back up your choices with solid reasons taken from the information presented above!1. What are the functions of the nose? 2. What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses? Look up sinusitis on the Internet and tell me more about why it is such a large problem today (cite your URL). 3. What important functions are lost when you take out your tonsils? 4. What are the effects of smoking on cilia lining the trachea? Why is this unhealthy? 5. What is the Heimlich maneuver and how is it done? 6. Where are the pleura and what is their function? How does their function differ from the pericardium (in the heart)? 7. What is surfactant and what is its function? How are premature newborns that don’t have it treated? 8. What is one cause of pulmonary edema and what changes does it bring to gas exchange? From the section on pulmonary ventilation there is some interesting information regarding how we breathe and what interferes with that process. You just need to know that during inspiration in the lungs more space (volume) is created in the intrapleural space. This causes a decrease in pressure that is translated to the lungs and the decrease in pressure in them leads to air rushing in from a place of higher pressure (outside the lung) to a place of lower pressure (inside the lung). Expiration is the reverse. 9. Explain pneumothorax – use the information about pressure to explain what happens. 10. Look up asthma on the Internet. What happens during an attack? Why? What drugs widen the airway (decrease resistance) and what drugs narrow the airway (increase resistance)? 11. What types of different sounds can be heard by listening to your lungs with a stethescope? Why is this simple test useful? 12. What is meant by the term partial pressure and what do you have to do mathematically to get one (hint: multiply what times what) (from the outline given to you in lab and attached here)? Give an example of the partial pressure of oxygen in outside air at sea level. 13. What is the percent concentration of oxygen in the outside air at sea level, 10,000 feet and 30,000 feet? What happens to the partial pressure of oxygen as you go higher? At what altitude are the partial pressures of oxygen in the aveoli equal to those of the venous blood approaching the lungs (from the outline)? What problem does this cause? 14. What happens to partial pressure as you go below sea level? What problems can that cause (outline and Internet)? 15. What happens in carbon monoxide poisoning? Why does it happen? (in the book or on the Internet). 16. In what ways are carbon dioxide molecules carried? When does the CO2 content of the blood increase? Why does it need to be buffered? 17. What are other factors besides acidity that influence the rate and depth of respiration? 18. What are two examples of chronic obstructive lung disease and what are the symptoms for each? 19. Why is lung cancer so deadly? What is the effect of smoking on the lungs? Does it cause lung cancer? Why or why not?