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I Multiple choice: Please choose the best answer of the 4. If no answer fits you can add your own: E 1. A pallidectomy can be used to treat which disease A. Parkinson’s B. Dyskinesia C. Tourettes D. None of the above 2. Creatine phosphate and ATP are the “quick” energy source of A. Muscles B. Bone C. Just cardiac muscle D Just Smooth muscle 3. Sulci and gyri or folia increase the surface area of which of the following A. Motor cortex and cerebellum B. The cerebellum and pons C. The somatosensory area and medulla D. A and B 4. The neurons of substantia nigra use______ to talk to the basal ganglia A. Dopamine B. Acetylcholine C. Epinephrine D. All of the above 5. The sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal and cardiac muscle has ion pumps for A. Most ions B. Phosphorus C. Calcium ions D. None of the above 6. The following neurotransmitters can directly open sodium ion channels A. Epinephrine and norepinephrine B. Dopamine C. GABA D. Acetylcholine 7. Acetylcholine has many functions but it is directly involved in muscle contraction when released by A Neurons of the primary motor cortex B .Extra pyramidal cells C. Lower motor neurons of spinal cord D. A and B 8. An example of a muscarinic antagonist drug is A. Bethanechol B. Morphine C. Atropine D. epinephrine 9. During the absolute refractory period of muscles A. Repolarization is complete and sodium channels have been completely reset B. A stronger stimulus can cause muscle contraction C. No stimulus can cause muscle contraction D. None of the above 10. Some forms of muscular dystrophy like Duchenne A .May involve single gene defect on the X chromosome B. Affects mostly males C. Involve a membrane stabilizing protein called Utrophin D. A and B 11 Fibro cartilage is located A. In nose B. Epiglottis C. In intervertebral discs , menisci of knee and symphysis pubes D. A and C 12. Treatment for myasthenia gravis of the following could include A. Dilantin B Peripherally acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitors C. Thyrodectomy D. All of the above 13. A drug that opens calcium channels could have the following effects A. Decrease heart rate B. Increase in force of contraction of heart C. Decrease blood pressure D. A and C 14. Osteomalacias are represented by A Osteoporosis and osteogenesis imperfecta B. Pagets disease C. Ewings sarcoma D. A and B 15.Botulism toxin A. Prevents release of acetylcholine at post synaptic membrane B. Is post potent toxin known (excluding radioctive compounds) C. Destroys acetylcholinesterase at NMJ D. A and B 16 Fast glycolytic fibers A. Have a lot of myoglobin and mitochondria B. Would be good for a sprinter C Are larger than other types D B and C 17. Cranial nerve VII innervates A. The pharyngeal taste buds B. The teeth C. The Parotid gland 18 If a young patient complains about a headache, pain in back of neck, has a fever and a rash what is the most likely condition they have? A Flu B Plague C Meningitis D MS ‘ 19. Bell’s palsy is the result of paralysis of what cranial nerve A. III B. IV C. VII D .Hypoglossal 20.The Occulomotor nerve A. Innervates the salivary glands B. Innervates rectus muscles of eye and is involved in pupillary reflex C. Is involved in the pupillary reflex D. A and B 21.Cardiac muscle cells have A. Dense bodies and calmodulin B. Perimysium C. Intercalated discs D B and C 22.The following best describes visceral smooth muscle cells and its innervation A. Involuntary, single nucleated,, non branching , no sarcomeres, single innervation B. Voluntary, multinucleated , intercalated discs, single innervation C. Involuntary , branching, intercalated discs, autorhythmic , varicosities D. Involuntary, usually single nucleated, with varicosities 23. The only unicellular gland of the body A. Are found in mucous membranes of respiratory and digestive tracts B. Are more numerous in villi than cecum C. are holocrine glands D. All of the above 24. The Accessory nerve is number A. XII B. II C. VII D. XI II. TRUE OR FALSE (you can defend any answer) 1. Collagen has the tensile strength of steel 2.The keratin family of proteins is found in epidermis, nails and hair 3. The medulla oblongata contains nuclei of several cranial nerves, a respiratory center and connects the two halves of the cerebellum with commissural fibers 4. Damage to the radial nerve could result in clubbing 5. Damage to the medulla oblongata could possibly result in decreased cough and vomit reflexes and even death do to respiratory failure. 6. A blow to the temporal lobe could lead to temporary or permanent blindness 7. In most people the left side of the brain has Wernike’s area 8. Nerves in CNS do not repair, but can in the PNS thanks mainly to Schwann cells 9. The somatosensory cortex has a conscious “map” of the body skewed heavily to the thumb and lips 10. Of the three types of axons only type C are unmyelinated 11. The cerebellum has a subconscious memory for motor activity and talks indirectly to the primary motor cortex through the thalamus and also is communicated with by the reticular formation 12. The limbic system contains the amgydala ,parahippocampal gyrus, cigulate gyrus, fornix and stria medullaris and hypothalamus and is the emotional brain. 13. Damage to the stapedius muscle could cause hypoacousia, but would not be desireable. 14 Smpathetic nervous system stimulation causes contraction of smooth muscle of the digestive tract through alpha one receptors 15 Free nerve endings can carry sensations for itch and pain and probably tickle 16. Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter of the cerebellum 17. GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the brain 18. Cutting the anterior spinothalamic tract would greatly reduce intractable pain in patient 19. Acetylcholine is produced by most of the postsynaptic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system 20. More than 95% of the neurons in brain and spinal cord are multipolar 21 Closed- angle glaucoma causes a slow increase in aqueous humor in the eye, usually without overt symptoms 22. The digestive tract has two nerve plexuses that are part of its “ in house” nervous system- Meissner and Auberbach 23. The smooth muscles of the coronary vessels have beta two receptors that respond to stimulation by causing dilation 24. Rigor mortis is the result of a lack of oxygen and thus ATP and reaches a maximum normally within 12-24 hours 25. Cranial nerves 3 and 5 control eye muscle movements 26. Nuclei are concentrations of nerve cell bodies in CNS 27. White matter is mostly nerve cell bodies and myelinated axons 28. The dorsal root ganglia have the cell bodies of unipolar sensory neurons 29. The dorsal column is a descending tract involved with proprioception 30. Sensory tracks are not always ascending 31 Motor tracts are efferent, such as the corticobulbar tract 32. The tectospinal , rubrospinal and vestibulospinal tracts are efferent, extrapyramidal tracts 33. The spinocerebellar tract is a sensory tract involved in communicating information from muscle spindle to cerebellum 34. The vestibulospinal tract is a conscious extrapyramidal tract involved with balance 35 Macrophages in the pigmented epithelium are defective in retinitis pigmentosa 36 The approximately 20,000 outer hair cells of the organ of Corti receive mostly information from the brain. 37. The brain probably does not have its own lymphatic system or pain receptors 38. The blood brain barrier is an important defense of the CNS, may be helped by astrocytes and is compromised in MS 39. Multiunit smooth muscles have a single innervation are found in eyes and some large arteries 40. There are more than 600 named skeletal muscles in the human body 41 Most muscles are type 2 (class) levers 42. Gap junctions are found in smooth , cardiac but not skeletal muscles 43 The insertion of the sternocleidomastoid is sternum and clavicle. 44. The stapedius muscles is the smallest skeletal muscle of body and is involved in a defensive reflex to protect the organ of Corti 45. Cardiac muscle is formed by fusion of many, even hundreds of myoblasts 46. The lens of the eye is made of carbohydrates unique to it and is formed during early embryogenesis from the optic placode 47. Intercalated discs consist of desmosomes and gap junctions and are only found in cardiac muscle 48. Cilia are found in paranasal sinuses spinal cord ,trachea , ventricles of brain and fallopian tube 49. The stapes attaches to the round window of the inner ear 50. Calcium binds to tropoponin in sarcomere to cause muscle contraction in skeletal, cardiac but not smooth muscle 51. The tectorial membrane, hair cells , space of Nuel, Deiter’s cells ,basilar membranes are found in the organ of Corti , which is the organ of hearing 52 Apocrine sweat glands are simple tubular glands that produce a watery fluid that is involved in thermoregulation 53 White blood cells can pass between capillary cells or through their fenestra- this is referred to as diapedesis 54. Dilantin may be used to control brain seizures by slowing the passage of sodium ions and has many side effects. 55. Peripherally- acting Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, like Aricept, have been used to treat the memory loss associated with Alzheimer’s disease 56. Smooth muscle uses calmodulin in place of troponin for calcium attachment 57. Hemorrhagic stroke is a more common type and cannot be treated with tPA 58. Beta waves can be seen in stage 3 of sleep and anesthesia 59. The reticular formation has both motor and sensory function and is involved in muscle tone and arousal